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Laboratory-conﬁrmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the population treated at social security.

ABSTRACT: The scientific community has questioned whether reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is possible. Gradually, cases of reinfection have been documented. In Mexico, people with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection have not been officially identified. To allow a retrospective investigation of patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and to identify how reinfected with this virus occurs in a population that requires medical attention. A retrospective search of the epidemiological surveillance system was performed to identify people who met the clinical criteria based on laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and temporality to identify cases of reinfection. Clinical information was collected from clinical records. Seven people with two separate COVID-19 events were identified in medical units in Quintana Roo, Mexico between April and December 2020. The overall median interval between the two events was 156 days (61-191 days). Six people were health workers, and one was a member of the general population. This is one of the first reports of reinfection in health personnel in Mexico, revealing that the frequency of reinfection is low among positive cases and that the interval between infection episodes was three months. There are several scenarios in the natural history of the disease that must be considered based on adequate anamnesis with a clinical-epidemiological approach to determine the correct diagnostic category.

SUBMITTER: Santiago-Espinosa O

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8351271 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:As public health guidelines throughout the world have relaxed in response to vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 will remain endemic, fueled by the rise of more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants. Moreover, in the setting of waning natural and vaccine immunity, reinfections have emerged across the globe, even among previously infected and vaccinated individuals. As such, the ability to detect reexposure to and reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 is a key component for global protection against this virus and, more importantly, against the potential emergence of vaccine escape mutations. Accordingly, there is a strong and continued need for the development and deployment of simple methods to detect emerging hot spots of reinfection to inform targeted pandemic response and containment, including targeted and specific deployment of vaccine booster campaigns. In this study, we identify simple, rapid immune biomarkers of reinfection in rhesus macaques, including IgG3 antibody levels against nucleocapsid and FcγR2A receptor binding activity of anti-RBD antibodies, that are recapitulated in human reinfection cases. As such, this cross-species analysis underscores the potential utility of simple antibody titers and function as price-effective and scalable markers of reinfection to provide increased resolution and resilience against new outbreaks. IMPORTANCE As public health and social distancing guidelines loosen in the setting of waning global natural and vaccine immunity, a deeper understanding of the immunological response to reexposure and reinfection to this highly contagious pathogen is necessary to maintain public health. Viral sequencing analysis provides a robust but unrealistic means to monitor reinfection globally. The identification of scalable pathogen-specific biomarkers of reexposure and reinfection, however, could significantly accelerate our capacity to monitor the spread of the virus through naive and experienced hosts, providing key insights into mechanisms of disease attenuation. Using a nonhuman primate model of controlled SARS-CoV-2 reexposure, we deeply probed the humoral immune response following rechallenge with various doses of viral inocula. We identified virus-specific humoral biomarkers of reinfection, with significant increases in antibody titer and function upon rechallenge across a range of humoral features, including IgG1 to the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (RBD), IgG3 to the nucleocapsid protein (N), and FcγR2A receptor binding to anti-RBD antibodies. These features not only differentiated primary infection from reexposure and reinfection in monkeys but also were recapitulated in a sequencing-confirmed reinfection patient and in a cohort of putatively reinfected humans that evolved a PCR-positive test in spite of preexisting seropositivity. As such, this cross-species analysis using a controlled primate model and human cohorts reveals increases in antibody titers as promising cross-validated serological markers of reinfection and reexposure.

Project description:BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has progressed rapidly, with the emergence of new virus variants that pose challenges in treating infected individuals. In Mexico, four epidemic waves have been recorded with varying disease severity. To understand the heterogeneity in clinical presentation over time and the sensitivity and specificity of signs and symptoms in identifying COVID-19 cases, an analysis of the changes in the clinical presentation of the disease was conducted.AimTo analyze the changes in the clinical presentation of COVID-19 among 3.38 million individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 at the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) from March 2020 to October 2021 and evaluate the predictivity of signs and symptoms in identifying COVID-19 cases.MethodsA retrospective analysis of clinical presentation patterns of COVID-19 among individuals treated at IMSS was performed, contrasting the signs and symptoms among SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals with those who tested negative for the virus but had respiratory infection symptoms. The sensitivity and specificity of each sign and symptom in identifying SARS-CoV-2 infection were estimated.ResultsThe set of signs and symptoms reported for COVID-19-suspected patients treated at IMSS were not highly specific for SARS-CoV-2 positivity. The signs and symptoms exhibited variability based on age and epidemic wave. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.62 when grouping the five main symptoms (headache, dyspnea, fever, arthralgia, and cough). Most of the individual symptoms had ROC values close to 0.5 (16 out of 22 between 0.48 and 0.52), indicating non-specificity.ConclusionsThe results highlight the difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 due to the lack of specificity of signs and symptoms. The variability of clinical presentation over time and among age groups highlights the need for further research to differentiate whether the changes are due to changes in the virus, who is becoming infected, or the population, particularly with respect to prior infection and vaccination status.

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Laboratory-conﬁrmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the population treated at social security.

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