Dataset Information

Characterizing DNA methylation signatures and their potential functional roles in Merkel cell carcinoma.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive skin cancer with limited treatment possibilities. Merkel cell tumors display with neuroendocrine features and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection in the majority (80%) of patients. Although loss of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) has been shown during MCC tumorigenesis, epigenetic dysregulation has largely been overlooked.

Methods

We conducted global DNA methylation profiling of clinically annotated MCC primary tumors, metastatic skin tumors, metastatic lymph node tumors, paired normal tissues, and two human MCC cell lines using the Illumina Infinium EPIC DNA methylation BeadArray platform.

Results

Significant differential DNA methylation patterns across the genome are revealed between the four tissue types, as well as based on MCPyV status. Furthermore, 964 genes directly regulated by promoter or gene body DNA methylation were identified with high enrichment in neuro-related pathways. Finally, our findings suggest that loss of H3K27me3 occupancy in MCC is attributed to KDM6B and EZHIP overexpression as a consequence of promoter DNA hypomethylation.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated specific DNA methylation patterns for primary MCC tumors, metastatic MCCs, and adjacent-normal tissues. We have also identified DNA methylation markers that not only show potential diagnostic or prognostic utility in MCC management, but also correlate with MCC tumorigenesis, MCPyV expression, neuroendocrine features, and H3K27me3 status. The identification of DNA methylation alterations in MCC supports the need for further studies to understand the clinical implications of epigenetic dysregulation and potential therapeutic targets in MCC.

SUBMITTER: Gujar H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8365948 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive skin cancer with neuroendocrine features. Although the role of epigenetic in tumorigenesis has been documented in most type of cancer, it is overlooked in MCC. The treatment options for MCC is limited and the five-year survival rate remains as low as 33%. In addition, recent studies have suggested multiple mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulation that may contribute to loss H3K27me3 and the tumorigenesis in MCC but not well studied. In this study, we conducted DNA methylation analysis of an existing retrospective cohort of clinically annotated MCC samples, which included samples from 8 primary tumors, three metastatic skin tumors, four metastatic lymph node tumors, and five paired normal tissue samples. Global DNA methylation profile was performed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array. Two MCC cell lines were also analyzed for DNA methylation and gene expression (RNA-seq) to confirm the correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression for MCC. Our analysis revealed 24,497 loci (14,456 genes) that showed significantly different DNA methylation pattern in the four groups (ANOVA p-value < 0.05 and standard deviation of mean of groups > 0.25) namely adjacent normal, primary tumor, metastatic skin, and metastatic lymph node in MCC patients. By GO terms analysis, the genes correlated with DNA methylation alteration associated with nervous system, cell adhesion, signal transduction, and development pathways. We also observed 870 probes differentially methylated in MCPyV positive and MCPyV negative tumor (FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05 and delta change greater than 0.4 or less than -0.4). Furthermore, using expression and DNA methylation data from two MCC cell lines (MS1 and MCC13) as validation, we identified 964 MCC specific genes directly regulated by DNA methylation either at promoter or gene body, which are highly enriched in nervous system related pathways. By this approach, we not only identify DNA methylation markers for MCC and MCPyV status but also genes regulated by DNA methylation in MCC, MCPyV status, and neuroendocrine features. Most importantly, our results may also suggest overexpression of KDM6B and EZHIP by loss of DNA methylation in their promoter may contribute to loss of H3K27me3 in MCC. In addition, we observed the DNA methylation profile of MS1 resembled MCC patient sample, while DNA methylation profile of MCC13 cell line was similar to small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), which suggested that MCC13 cell line may originally come from SCLC. Taken together, we have demonstrated dramatic DNA methylation alteration along with four unique patterns in normal, primary and metastatic MCC. Our finding provides DNA methylation markers not only for diagnosis or prognosis of MCC and MCPyV status but also correlate gene expression status of MCC specific genes with important functional roles in MCC tumorigenesis, MCPyV expression, neuroendocrine feature and H3K27me3 status. The identification of DNA methylation alteration in MCC also provides foundation for potential implication of epigenetic therapy for MCC patients.