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Factors affecting the mixed-layer concentrations of singlet oxygen in sunlit lakes.

ABSTRACT: The steady-state concentration of singlet oxygen within a lake ([¹O₂]_SS) is an important parameter that can affect the environmental half-life of pollutants and environmental fate modelling. However, values of [¹O₂]_SS are often determined for the near-surface of a lake, and these values typically do not represent the average over the epilimnia of lakes. In this work, the environmental and physical factors that have the largest impact on [¹O₂]_SS within lake epilimnia were identified. It was found that the depth of the epilimnion has the largest impact on depth-averaged [¹O₂]_SS, with a factor of 8.8 decrease in [¹O₂]_SS when epilimnion depth increases from 2 m to 20 m. The next most important factors are the wavelength-dependent singlet oxygen quantum yield relationship and the latitude of the lake, causing variations in [¹O₂]_SS by factors of 3.2 and 2.5 respectively, over ranges of representative values. For a set of representative parameters, the depth-averaged value of [¹O₂]_SS within an average epilimnion depth of 9.0 m was found to be 5.8 × 10^-16 M and the near-surface value of [¹O₂]_SS was found to be 1.9 × 10^-14 M. We recommend a range of 6 × 10^-17 to 5 × 10^-15 M as being more representative of [¹O₂]_SS values within the epilimnia of lakes globally and potentially more useful for estimating pollutant lifetimes than those calculated using [¹O₂]_SS values that correspond to near-surface, summer midday values. This work advances our understanding of [¹O₂]_SS inter-lake variability in the environment, and provides estimates of [¹O₂]_SS for practitioners and researchers to assess environmental half-lives of pollutants due to reaction with singlet oxygen.

SUBMITTER: Partanen SB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8372756 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Paleoproteomics and the study of ancient proteins has become an important consideration in bioarchaeological research as we seek to understand the relationship between the physical skeleton and its underlying biochemistry. Osteocalcin (OC) is an abundant, non-collagenous protein that is accessible archaeologically due to its affinity for hydroxyapatite in bone. Manufactured by the osteoblast cells during normal bone metabolism, osteocalcin is inherently linked to the process of bone remodelling. Clinical studies have consistently shown the impact of biological (i.e., sex and age) and pathological (i.e., disease) factors on osteocalcin concentrations within the body; however, this connection has yet to be fully explored bioarchaeologically. For this study, 46 individuals from the Danish Sct. Albert’s cemetery (AD 1250-1536) were analyzed with cortical bone samples harvested from the femur. Each sample was demineralized and quantified using established paleoproteomic methods (ELISA) and tested for diagenesis using FTIR-ATR. 4 samples were validated by LC-MS. No significant differences were found in the osteocalcin concentrations between adult males and females. However, males had a wider range of osteocalcin variability perhaps explained in part by their increased prevalence of pathological conditions characterized by bone remodelling. Similarly, non-adults had a wide range of osteocalcin variability but there were no significant differences when compared to the adult mean. No correlations were found between osteocalcin concentrations and diagenesis suggesting that the protein can survive across a range of temporal periods and variable burial environments. While no clear pattern emerged between osteocalcin concentrations and biological and/or pathological factors, this study is significant in that it further explores the use of paleoproteomics in bioarchaeological contexts and how we may unite our macroscopic and biochemical assessments of human skeletal remains.

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Factors affecting the mixed-layer concentrations of singlet oxygen in sunlit lakes.

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