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Determination of hydrogen peroxide on N95 masks after sanitization using a colorimetric method.

ABSTRACT: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a sterilizing agent for medical devices and its use has recently been extended to N95 masks during PPE shortages as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The hydrogen peroxide remaining on the masks after sterilization could potentially pose a health hazard to the mask users. In the present study a colorimetric method was optimized for the determination of hydrogen peroxide on N95 masks following chemical sanitizations. The developed analytical method demonstrated an overall recovery of 98% ± 7%. The limit of detection ranged from 0.16 to 0.25 mg/mask, depending on the type of mask. The expanded measurement uncertainty was 13% (at a 95% confidence interval). The sanitization process itself introduced a significant variation in hydrogen peroxide load between masks. The ozone used in the sanitization process had no significant impact on analytical performance. Stamped and printed marks on the mask surfaces could induce biased readings. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes quickly on the mask surfaces so timing of analysis is an important factor in method standardization.•The validation data demonstrated that the in-house method is reliable and fit for the intended purpose, offering a sensitive, simple, rapid, and inexpensive method of residue monitoring.

SUBMITTER: Kumkrong P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8374716 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide and ozone residue levels on N95 masks following chemical decontamination.

Project description:BackgroundHydrogen peroxide and ozone have been used as chemical decontamination agents for N95 masks during supply shortages. If left behind on the masks, the residues of both chemicals represent a potential health hazard by skin contact and respiratory exposure.AimCharacterization of hydrogen peroxide and ozone residues on mask surfaces after chemical decontamination.MethodsVarious N95 masks were decontaminated using two commercial systems employing either aerosol spray or vaporization of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ozone. Following the decontamination, the masks were aired out to eliminate moisture and potential chemical residues. The residual hydrogen peroxide and ozone were monitored in the gas phase above the mask surface, and hydrogen peroxide residue directly on mask surfaces using a colorimetric assay.FindingsAfter decontamination, hydrogen peroxide and ozone were detectable in the gas phase in the vicinity of masks even after 5 h of aeration. Hydrogen peroxide was also detected on all studied masks, and levels up to 56 mg per mask were observed after 0.5 h of aeration. All residues gradually decreased with aeration, likely due to decomposition and vaporization.ConclusionHydrogen peroxide and ozone were present on N95 masks after decontamination. With appropriate aeration, the gaseous residue levels in the vicinity of the masks decreased to permissible levels as defined by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Reliable assays to monitor these residues are necessary to ensure the safety of the mask users.

| S-EPMC7906521 | biostudies-literature

Comparative evaluation of four hydrogen peroxide-based systems to decontaminate N95 respirators.

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| S-EPMC9495415 | biostudies-literature

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| S-EPMC3879143 | biostudies-literature

A high-throughput microtiter plate based method for the determination of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

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| S-EPMC3832485 | biostudies-literature

An origami-based colorimetric sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose using sericin capped silver nanoparticles.

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| S-EPMC10151347 | biostudies-literature

Dry heat sterilization as a method to recycle N95 respirator masks: The importance of fit.

Project description:In times of crisis, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, the supply chain of filtering facepiece respirators, such as N95 respirators, are disrupted. To combat shortages of N95 respirators, many institutions were forced to decontaminate and reuse respirators. While several reports have evaluated the impact on filtration as a measurement of preservation of respirator function after decontamination, the equally important fact of maintaining proper fit to the users' face has been understudied. In the current study, we demonstrate the complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and preservation of fit test performance of N95 respirators following treatment with dry heat. We apply scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements to analyze filter material changes as a consequence of different decontamination treatments. We further compared the integrity of the respirator after autoclaving versus dry heat treatment via quantitative fit testing and found that autoclaving, but not dry heat, causes the fit of the respirator onto the users face to fail, thereby rendering the decontaminated respirator unusable. Our findings highlight the importance to account for both efficacy of disinfection and mask fit when reprocessing respirators to for clinical redeployment.

| S-EPMC8730429 | biostudies-literature

A colorimetric method for the molecular weight determination of polyethylene glycol using gold nanoparticles.

Project description:A gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based colorimetric method was developed for the molecular weight (MW) determination of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a commonly used hydrophilic polymer. Addition of a salt solution to PEG-coated AuNP solutions helps in screening the electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles and generating a color change of the solutions from wine red to blue in 10 min in accordance with the MW of PEG, which illustrates the different stability degrees (SDs) of the AuNPs. The SDs are calculated by the absorbance ratios of the stable to the aggregated AuNPs in the solution. The root mean square end-to-end length (〈h2〉1/2) of PEG molecules shows a linear fit to the SDs of the PEG-coated AuNPs in a range of 1.938 ± 0.156 to 10.151 ± 0.176 nm. According to the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, the reason for this linear relationship is that the thickness of the PEG adlayer is roughly equivalent to the 〈h2〉1/2 of the PEG molecules in solution, which determines the SDs of the AuNPs. Subsequently, the MW of the PEG can be obtained from its 〈h2〉1/2 using a mathematical relationship between 〈h2〉1/2 and MW of PEG molecule. Applying this approach, we determined the 〈h2〉1/2 and the MW of four PEG samples according to their absorbance values from the ordinary ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric measurements. Therefore, the MW of PEG can be distinguished straightforwardly by visual inspection and determined by spectrophotometry. This novel approach is simple, rapid, and sensitive.

| S-EPMC3878192 | biostudies-literature

Analysis of SteraMist ionized hydrogen peroxide technology in the sterilization of N95 respirators and other PPE.

Project description:The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers, including of N95 masks (filtering facepiece respirators; FFRs). These masks are intended for single use but their sterilization and subsequent reuse has the potential to substantially mitigate shortages. Here we investigate PPE sterilization using ionized hydrogen peroxide (iHP), generated by SteraMist equipment (TOMI; Frederick, MD), in a sealed environment chamber. The efficacy of sterilization by iHP was assessed using bacterial spores in biological indicator assemblies. After one or more iHP treatments, five models of N95 masks from three manufacturers were assessed for retention of function based on their ability to form an airtight seal (measured using a quantitative fit test) and filter aerosolized particles. Filtration testing was performed at a university lab and at a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) pre-certification laboratory. The data demonstrate that N95 masks sterilized using SteraMist iHP technology retain filtration efficiency up to ten cycles, the maximum number tested to date. A typical iHP environment chamber with a volume of ~ 80 m3 can treat ~ 7000 masks and other items (e.g. other PPE, iPADs), making this an effective approach for a busy medical center.

| S-EPMC7819989 | biostudies-literature

A COLORIMETRIC MICRO-METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GLUTATHIONE.

Project description:1. A rapid colorimetric and apparently specific micromethod for the determination of total glutathione in small amounts of tissue is described. Generally, less than 30mg. of tissue is sufficient and this is homogenized in ice-cold 3% metaphosphoric acid. The product is filtered through sintered glass and neutralized or diluted before being added to a cuvette containing phosphate buffer, pH7.1, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), EDTA and glutathione reductase. Addition of NADPH(2) to the system initiates a progressive reduction of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) by catalytic amounts of GSH, and this causes a colour increase at 412mmu. The rate of this change, calculated over 5min., is proportional to the total amount of glutathione present, and consequently unknown concentrations may be determined by reference to standards. 2. A preparation (based on that of Racker, 1955) of a suitable sample of glutathione reductase from yeast is described. 3. A less specific and less sensitive determination of extracted thiol groups with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) at pH8.0, based on observations of Ellman (1959) and Jocelyn (1962), is also described. 4. Although the precise nature of the reaction is not known, evidence is put forward to support a process of cyclo-reduction. GSSG is reduced enzymically to GSH, which reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) to produce a coloured ion: [Formula: see text] (E(max.) 412mmu) and a mixed disulphide. This disulphide reacts with further quantities of GSH to liberate another ion and GSSG, which then re-enters the cycle.

| S-EPMC1206606 | biostudies-other

LUCIA: An open source device for disinfection of N95 masks using UV-C radiation.

Project description:Faced with a global pandemic such as the one triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the medical supply chain has been highly demanded. An item in which this manifested itself more clearly, are the N95 masks, designed to be disposable items, in many cases they have had to be reused. In these emergency conditions, it was necessary to apply an effective and safe method that can be used locally. Here a device for disinfection by ultraviolet C light was developed that allows irradiating N95 masks with a known and reproducible dose. Thus being able to apply a safe and effective disinfection method according to existing information. The use of a common model of UV-C lamps and the simple construction of the device allows it to be built at low cost and with widely available materials. The effectiveness of the device was demonstrated against an enveloped RNA virus, characteristics shared with the virus that causes COVID19, being capable of reducing the viral load by 4 orders of magnitude.

| S-EPMC7906873 | biostudies-literature

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