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High-intensity infrasound effects on glucose metabolism in rats.

ABSTRACT: Recent focus has been given on the effects of high-intensity infrasound (HII) exposure, and whether it induces changes in pancreatic morphology and glucose metabolism is still unknown. As such, we have studied the impact of HII exposure on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, pancreatic islet morphology, muscle GLUT4 and plasma insulin and corticosterone levels. Normal and glucose intolerant wild-type Wistar rats were randomly divided in two groups: one group not exposed to HII and the other continuously exposed to HII. Animals were sacrificed at three timepoints of exposure (1, 6 or 12 weeks). An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed, blood samples were collected and the pancreas and the quadriceps femoris muscle were excised. Circulating insulin and corticosterone levels were determined and pancreatic and muscular tissue were routinely processed for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry with an anti-GLUT4 antibody. Animals exposed to HII had higher corticosterone levels than animals not exposed. No differences were found on insulin concerning HII exposure or glucose intolerance. Glucose intolerant animals had pancreatic islet fibrosis and no differences were found in GLUT4 ratio concerning HII exposure. In conclusion, we found that continuous exposure to HII increases stress hormone levels without inducing glucose intolerance in rats.

SUBMITTER: Pereira GM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8390459 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Melatonin potentiates the effects of metformin on glucose metabolism and food intake in high-fat-fed rats.

Project description:BackgroundMelatonin is a hormone synthesized mainly by the pineal gland, and secreted only at night. Melatonin has been proposed as a modulator of glucose metabolism.MethodsHere we studied the metabolic effects of melatonin administration alone (s.c. 10 mg/kg) or in combination with metformin (p.o. 300 mg/kg), a widely used anti-diabetic drug. These treatments were tested on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and food intake in Zucker fatty rats (i.e., bearing a missense mutation in the leptin receptor gene) and high-fat fed Sprague-Dawley rats.ResultsMelatonin alone or in combination did not significantly modify glucose tolerance in either model. Melatonin alone in high-fat fed Sprague-Dawley improved insulin sensitivity to the level of metformin. In addition, combined treatment further ameliorated insulin sensitivity (+13%), especially during the late phase of rising glycemia. The lack of similar effects in Zucker rats suggests an involvement of leptin signaling in mediating the positive effects of melatonin. Body mass gain in Sprague-Dawley rats was decreased by both metformin, and combined metformin and melatonin. While melatonin alone did not markedly affect food intake, its combination with metformin led to a more pronounced anorexia (-17% food intake during the last week), as compared to metformin alone.ConclusionsMelatonin improves the beneficial effects of metformin on insulin sensitivity and body mass gain in high-fat fed Sprague-Dawley rats. Therefore, the combination of melatonin and metformin could be beneficial to develop dual therapies to treat or delay type 2 diabetes associated with obesity.

| S-EPMC6354841 | biostudies-literature

Effects of high-intensity statin combined with telmisartan versus amlodipine on glucose metabolism in hypertensive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease patients with impaired fasting glucose: A randomized multicenter trial.

Project description:BackgroundThere is lacking evidence that telmisartan can improve insulin resistance in patients on high-intensity statins. This study compared the effects of telmisartan and amlodipine on glucose metabolism in hypertensive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) requiring high-intensity rosuvastatin therapy.MethodsNinety-nine patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups [telmisartan-statin group (n=48) and amlodipine-statin group (n=51)] as add-on therapy to high-intensity rosuvastatin therapy (20 mg). The primary endpoint was to assess insulin resistance using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) value at week 24. The secondary endpoint was the change in glucose metabolism indices from baseline to week 24.ResultsThe HOMA-IR at week 24 (2.4 [interquartile range, 1.8-3.8] versus 2.7 [1.7-3.7]; P = .809) and changes in the HOMA-IR from baseline to week 24 (-7.0 [-29.0 to 21.0] versus -5.5 [-53.3 to 27.3]; P = .539) were not significantly different between 2 groups. However, the fasting glucose level at week 24 was significantly lower in the telmisartan-statin group than in the amlodipine-statin group (107.7 ± 13.4 mg/dL versus 113.3 ± 12.4 mg/dL; P = .039) and significantly decreased in the telmisartan-statin group (-3.2 ± 8.6% versus 3.8 ± 13.2%; P = .003). The proportion of patients with fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL (71.1% versus 89.6%; P = .047) or new-onset diabetes mellitus (12.5% versus 31.4%, P = .044) at week 24 was also significantly lower in the telmisartan-statin group than in the amlodipine-statin group.ConclusionIn comparison to amlodipine, telmisartan did not decrease the HOMA-IR. However, telmisartan preserved insulin secretion, led to a regression from IFG to euglycemia and prevented new-onset diabetes mellitus in ASCVD patients with IFG requiring high-intensity statins.

| S-EPMC10980368 | biostudies-literature

Effect of Different Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Glucose Metabolism in High-Fat-Diet Induced Obese Rats.

Project description:Obesity can be associated with significant metabolic disorders. Our previous study found that medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) improved lipid metabolism in obese rats. However, scant attention has been given to exploring the impact of MCTs on glucose metabolism in obese rats. This study is designed to examine the effects and mechanisms of three distinct MCTs on glucose metabolism in obese rats. To induce obesity, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet, followed by a 12-week treatment with caprylic triglyceride (CYT), capric triglyceride (CT), and lauric triglyceride (LT). The results showed that three types of MCT intervention reduced the levels of lipids (TC, TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c), hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (insulin, OGTT, HOMA-IR, and ISI), and inflammatory markers (IL-4, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in obese rats (p < 0.01), The above parameters have been minimally improved in the high-fat restoring group (HR) group. MCTs can modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to alleviate insulin resistance and improve glucose metabolism in obese rats. Furthermore, MCTs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and reduce the phosphorylation of PPARγser237 mediated by CDK5, which can improve insulin sensitivity without lipid deposition in obese rats. Among the MCT group, CT administration performed the best in the above pathways, with the lowest blood glucose level and insulin resistance. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the connection between health benefits and the specific type of MCT employed.

| S-EPMC10815142 | biostudies-literature

Effects of marine collagen peptides on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats.

Project description:The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of marine collagen peptides (MCPs) on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance using a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Forty T2DM obese Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive varying doses of MCPs or a vehicle control for 4 weeks. Blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation were measured. The expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscles and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in livers of T2DM rats was also measured. It was found that in the group of 9.0 g/kg/day MCPs significantly improved glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, and increased the insulin sensitivity index (ISI). In addition, the groups of 4.5 and 2.25 g/kg/day MCPs significantly improved liver steatosis. It was also found that MCPs decreased expression of oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines and adipocytokines in T2DM rats. In conclusion, medium and high doses of MCPs (≥4.5 g/kg/day) improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in T2DM rats. These beneficial effects of MCPs may be mediated by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation and by up-regulating GLUT4, and PPAR-α activity.

| S-EPMC5502017 | biostudies-literature

High intensity training improves cardiac function in healthy rats.

Project description:Exercise training is a low cost and safe approach for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease development. Currently, moderate-intensity training (MIT) is the most preferred exercise type. However, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is gaining interest especially among athletes and healthy individuals. In this study, we examined cardiac remodeling resulting from MIT and HIIT in healthy rats. Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to MIT or HIIT for 13 weeks. Animals kept sedentary (SED) were used as control. Cardiac function was evaluated with echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements. Heart tissue was stained for capillary density and fibrosis. After 13 weeks of training, only HIIT induced beneficial cardiac hypertrophy. Overall global cardiac parameters (such as ejection fraction, cardiac output and volumes) were improved similarly between both training modalities. At tissue level, collagen content was significantly and similarly reduced in both exercise groups. Finally, only HIIT increased significantly capillary density. Our data indicate that even if very different in design, HIIT and MIT appear to be equally effective in improving cardiac function in healthy rats. Furthermore, HIIT provides additional benefits through improved capillary density and should therefore be considered as a preferred training modality for athletes and for patients.

| S-EPMC6449502 | biostudies-literature

Effects of high-intensity intermittent training on carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats.

Project description:We examined the capacity of high-intensity intermittent training (HI-IT) to facilitate the delivery of lipids to enzymes responsible for oxidation, a task performed by the carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) system in the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Male adult Wistar rats (160-250 g) were randomly distributed into 3 groups: sedentary (Sed, N = 5), HI-IT (N = 10), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MI-CT, N = 10). The trained groups were exercised for 8 weeks with a 10% (HI-IT) and a 5% (MI-CT) overload. The HI-IT group presented 11.8% decreased weight gain compared to the Sed group. The maximal activities of CPT-I, CPT-II, and citrate synthase were all increased in the HI-IT group compared to the Sed group (P < 0.01), as also was gene expression, measured by RT-PCR, of fatty acid binding protein (FABP; P < 0.01) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL; P < 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase also presented a higher maximal activity (nmol·min(-1)·mg protein(-1)) in HI-IT (around 83%). We suggest that 8 weeks of HI-IT enhance mitochondrial lipid transport capacity thus facilitating the oxidation process in the gastrocnemius muscle. This adaptation may also be associated with the decrease in weight gain observed in the animals and was concomitant to a higher gene expression of both FABP and LPL in HI-IT, suggesting that intermittent exercise is a "time-efficient" strategy inducing metabolic adaptation.

| S-EPMC3854250 | biostudies-literature

Effects of moderate intensity endurance training vs. high intensity interval training on weight gain, cardiorespiratory capacity, and metabolic profile in postnatal overfed rats.

Project description:BackgroundObesity is associated with several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and may have its origin in early life stages, such as in the lactation period, through metabolic programming. Physical activity aids in decreasing the chances of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, even with small weight losses and, in children, can play an essential role in preventing weight gain and other health problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity endurance training and high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on obesity-related parameters and cardiorespiratory capacity in overfed Wistar rats throughout the breastfeeding period.MethodsTwo days after birth, forty male and female Wistar rats were clustered into two groups: Control Litter Group (CL; ten animals/litter) and Reduced Litter Group (RL; four animals/litter). At weaning, RL animals were distributed randomly into three experimental groups: sedentary, moderate intensity endurance training and HIIT, while CL animals were clustered into a sedentary group.ResultsRL male and female body weight, before weaning, was significantly higher when compared with CL animals. This difference was maintained between CLSed and RLSed groups after weaning during all assessed periods. Adiposity was significantly higher in RLSed males when compared to CLSed males, and alterations in glycaemic metabolism were also observed. Endurance and HIIT protocols were efficient in improving maximal cardiorespiratory capacity, as well as concerning the glycemic metabolism and central fat accumulation of males and females submitted to childhood overfeeding by the litter reduction method.ConclusionsBoth moderate endurance training and HIIT protocols included in early life were efficient in reverting or preventing certain metabolic alterations as a consequence of overfeeding during breastfeeding in male and female Wistar rats.

| S-EPMC6158819 | biostudies-literature

Effects of high-intensity interval versus mild-intensity endurance training on metabolic phenotype and corticosterone response in rats fed a high-fat or control diet.

Project description:The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HI) to mild-intensity endurance training (ME), combined with a high-fat diet (HFD) or control diet (CD) on metabolic phenotype and corticosterone levels in rats. Fifty-three rats were randomized to 6 groups according to diet and training regimen as follows: CD and sedentary (CS, n = 11), CD and ME (CME, n = 8), CD and HI (CHI, n = 8), HFD and sedentary (HS, n = 10), HFD and ME (HME, n = 8), and HFD and HI (HHI, n = 8). All exercise groups were trained for 10 weeks and had matched running distances. Dietary intake, body composition, blood metabolites, and corticosterone levels were measured. Histological lipid droplets were observed in the livers. The HFD led to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and higher body fat (all, P < 0.01, η2 > 0.06), as well as higher corticosterone levels (P < 0.01, η2 = 0.09) compared with the CD groups. Exercise training improved fat weight, glucose, and lipid profiles, and reduced corticosterone levels (P < 0.01, η2 = 0.123). Furthermore, body and fat weight, serum glucose and triglycerides, lipid content in the liver, and corticosterone levels (P < 0.05) were lower with HI training compared to ME training. Reductions in HFD-induced body weight gain, blood glucose and lipid profiles, and corticosterone levels, as well as improvements in QUICKI were better with HHI compared to HME. Correlation analyses revealed that corticosterone levels were significantly associated with phenotype variables (P < 0.01). Corticosterone level was inversely correlated with QUICKI (r = -0.38, P < 0.01). Altogether, these results indicate that HFD may elicit an exacerbated basal serum corticosterone level and thus producing a metabolic imbalance. Compared with ME training, HI training contributes to greater improvements in metabolic and corticosterone responses, leading to a greater reduction in susceptibility to HFD-induced disorders.

| S-EPMC5519214 | biostudies-other

Effects of moderate and high intensity isocaloric aerobic training upon microvascular reactivity and myocardial oxidative stress in rats.

Project description:Systemic and central cardiovascular adaptations may vary in response to chronic exercise performed with different intensities and volumes. This study compared the effects of aerobic training with different intensities but equivalent volume upon microvascular reactivity in cremaster muscle and myocardial biomarkers of oxidative stress in Wistar rats. After peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) assessment, rats (n = 24) were assigned into three groups: moderate-intensity exercise training (MI); high-intensity exercise training (HI); sedentary control (SC). Treadmill training occurred during 4 weeks, with exercise bouts matched by the energy expenditure (3.0-3.5 Kcal). Microvascular reactivity was assessed in vivo by intravital microscopy in cremaster muscle arterioles, while biomarkers of oxidative stress and eNOS expression were quantified at left ventricle and at aorta, respectively. Similar increasing vs. sedentary control group (SC) occurred in moderate intensity training group (MI) and high-intensity training group (HI) for endothelium-dependent vasodilation (10-4M: MI: 168.7%, HI: 164.6% vs. SC: 146.6%, P = 0.0004). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (HI: 0.13 U/mg vs. MI: 0.09 U/mg and SC: 0.06 U/mg; P = 0.02), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (HI: 0.00038 U/mg vs. MI: 0.00034 U/mg and SC: 0.00024 U/mg; P = 0.04), and carbonyl protein content (HI: 0.04 U/mg vs. MI: 0.03 U/mg and SC: 0.01 U/mg; P = 0.003) increased only in HI. No difference across groups was detected for catalase (CAT) (P = 0.12), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (P = 0.38) or eNOS expression in aorta (P = 0.44). In conclusion, higher exercise intensity induced greater improvements in myocardium antioxidant defenses, while gains in microvascular reactivity appeared to rely more on exercise volume than intensity.

| S-EPMC7006926 | biostudies-literature

Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Pregnant Rats, and the Placenta, Heart and Liver of Their Fetuses.

Project description:ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the maternal heart, fetuses and placentas of pregnant rats.MethodsFemale Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to HIIT or sedentary control groups. The HIIT group was trained for 6 weeks with 10 bouts of high intensity uphill running on a treadmill for four minutes (at 85-90% of maximal oxygen consumption) for five days/week. After three weeks of HIIT, rats were mated. After six weeks (gestational day 20 in pregnant rats), echocardiography was performed to evaluate maternal cardiac function. Real-time PCR was performed for the quantification of gene expression, and oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity was assessed in the tissue samples.ResultsMaternal heart weight and systolic function were not affected by HIIT or pregnancy. In the maternal heart, expression of 11 of 22 genes related to cardiac remodeling was influenced by pregnancy but none by HIIT. Litter size, fetal weight and placental weight were not affected by HIIT. Total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde content, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity measured in the placenta, fetal heart and liver were not influenced by HIIT. HIIT reduced the expression of eNOS (p = 0.03), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (p = 0.04) and glutathione peroxidase 4.2 (p = 0.02) in the fetal liver and increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-β (p = 0.014), superoxide dismutase 1 (p = 0.001) and tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase 3 (p = 0.049) in the fetal heart.ConclusionsMaternal cardiac function and gene expression was not affected by HIIT. Although HIIT did not affect fetal growth, level of oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in the fetal tissues, some genes related to oxidative stress were altered in the fetal heart and liver indicating that protective mechanisms may be activated.

| S-EPMC4643918 | biostudies-literature

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