Genetics of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Tonyan ZN
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8394234 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:It is generally accepted that poor glycemic control, arterial hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia, and the associated oxidative stress may contribute to the development of macro- and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Such metabolic damage signals may activate inflammasome and trigger chronic inflammation. We investigated common polymorphisms in inflammasome coding genes and the risk for macro- and microvascular complications in T2D. METHODS:In total 181 clinically well-characterised T2D patients were genotyped for NLRP3 rs35829419 and CARD8 rs2043211. Risk for diabetic complications was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS:Patients with median duration of T2D 11 (6-17) years had relatively well controlled blood glucose and lipid levels and blood pressure on the prescribed treatment regimen. Duration of T2D and plasma cholesterol levels were the most important clinical risk factors for macrovascular complications (P = 0.007 and P = 0.031). NLRP3 rs35829419 was associated with increased risk for macrovascular complications (P = 0.004), with myocardial infarction in particular (P = 0.052). No association was observed between CARD8 polymorphism and any of T2D complications. CONCLUSIONS:Our preliminary data suggest the role of NLRP3 polymorphism in diabetic macrovascular complications, especially in myocardial infarction.
| S-EPMC4530261 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) are conditions that cause a substantial public health burden. Since both conditions often coexist in the same individual, it has been hypothesized that they have a common effector. Insulin and hyperglycemia are assumed to play critical roles in this scenario. In recent years, many genetic risk factors for both diabetes and CAD have been discovered, mainly through genome-wide association studies. Genetic aspects of diabetes, diabetic macrovascular complications, and CAD are assumed to have intersections leading to the common effector hypothesis. However, only a few genetic risk factors could be identified that modulate the risk for both conditions. Polymorphisms in TCF7L2 and near the CDKN2A/B genes seem to be of great importance in this regard since they appear to modulate both conditions, and they are not necessarily related to insulinism, or hyperglycemia, for CAD development. Other issues related to this hypothesis, such as the problems of phenotype heterogeneity, are also of interest. Recent studies have contributed to a better understanding of the complex genetics of diabetic macrovascular complications. Much effort is still needed to clarify the associations in the genetics of diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. At present, there is little genetic evidence to support a common effector hypothesis, other than insulin or hyperglycemia, for the association between these conditions.
| S-EPMC3280008 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, metabolic disorder in which concomitant insulin resistance and β-cell impairment lead to hyperglycemia, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. T2DM is associated with long-term complications that have contributed to the burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The objective of this manuscript is to conduct an Exome-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on T2DM Emirati individuals to improve our understanding on diabetes-related complications to improve early diagnostic methods and treatment strategies.MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 310 Emirati participants that were stratified according to their medically diagnosed diabetes-related complications: diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiovascular complications. The Illumina's Infinium Exome-24 array was used and 39,840 SNPs remained for analysis after quality control.FindingsThe analysis revealed the associations of various genes with each complication category: 1) diabetic retinopathy was associated to SHANK3 gene in locus 22q13.33 (SNP rs9616915; p=5.18 x10-4), ZSCAN5A gene in locus 19q13.43 (SNP rs7252603; p=7.55 x10-4), and DCP1B gene in locus 12p13.33 (SNPs rs715146, rs1044950, rs113147414, rs34730825; p=7.62 x10-4); 2) diabetic neuropathy was associated to ADH4 gene in locus 4q23 (SNP rs4148883; p=1.23 x10-4), SLC11A1 gene in locus 2q35 (SNP rs17235409; p=1.85 x10-4), and MATN4 gene in locus 20q13.12 (SNP rs2072788; p=2.68 x10-4); 3) diabetic nephropathy was associated to PPP1R3A gene in locus 7q31.1 (SNP rs1799999; p=1.91 x10-4), ZNF136 gene in locus 19p13.2 (SNP rs140861589; p=2.80 x10-4), and HSPA12B gene in locus 20p13 (SNP rs6076550; p=2.86 x10-4); and 4) cardiovascular complications was associated to PCNT gene in locus 21q22.3 (SNPs rs7279204, rs6518289, rs2839227, rs2839223; p=2.18 x10-4,3.04 x10-4,4.51 x10-4,5.22 x10-4 respectively), SEPT14 gene in locus 7p11.2 (SNP rs146350220; p=2.77 x10-4), and WDR73 gene in locus 15q25.2 (SNP rs72750868; p=4.47 x10-4).InterpretationWe have identified susceptibility loci associated with each category of T2DM-related complications in the Emirati population. Given that only 16% of the markers from the Illumina's Infinium Exome chip passed quality control assessment, this demonstrates that multiple variants were, either, monomorphic in the Arab population or were not genotyped due to the use of a Euro-centric EWAS array that limits the possibility of including targeted ethnic-specific SNPs. Our results suggest the alarming possibility that lack of representation in reference panels could inhibit discovery of functionally important loci associated to T2DM complications. Further effort must be conducted to improve the representation of diverse populations in genotyping and sequencing studies.
| S-EPMC10076756 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the costs and resources used for diabetes mellitus (DM) and macrovascular complications in Turkiye.MethodsThe "Cost of Illness" method and a bottom-up costing approach were used in this study. We used e-Nabiz to identify patients with DM and collected their data from 2016 to 2020. We also examined macrovascular complications such as acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular events, transient ischemic attacks, carotid artery syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, diabetic foot, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral vascular disease using relevant ICD codes. No sampling was done; costs were calculated based on the entire population. When calculating per patient costs, all outpatient/inpatient, medication, intervention, and laboratory/screening tests were considered.ResultsBetween 2016 and 2020, the e-Nabiz database recorded 7,656,700 people diagnosed with diabetes, a prevalence of 10.4%. The total 2020 cost for treating diabetes was $4,526,212,569 (31,276,128,849 TL), with an average patient cost of $591.145. The health-care expense for 991,945 people diagnosed with major vascular complications due to diabetes was $1,013,004,565.0 (6,999,861,544.16 TL) in 2020, with a per patient average cost also of $591.145 (4048.81 TL). Breakdown of the total cost is 44% for healthcare, 34% for medication, 12% for insulin, 6% for oral antidiabetic drugs, and 1% for testing supplies. Women have a complication rate of 11.2%, while men have a higher rate of 20.8%.ConclusionDM is both a significant disease burden and an important economic burden. The findings will be a guide the development of effective strategies and sound health policies.
| S-EPMC10500234 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundArterial stiffness, glycemic control and blood pressure are risk factors of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the combined association of arterial stiffness, glycemic control and hypertension status with the occurrence of diabetic macrovascular complication.MethodsA total of 1870 patients of diabetes were enrolled from Beijing Health Management Cohort between 2008 and 2018 as baseline, and then followed for macrovascular complication onset. We proposed a composite risk score (0-4) by arterial stiffness severity, pool glycemic control and hypertension status. Cox model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsThe mean age (SD) of this population was 59.90 (12.29) years. During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 359 (19.2%) patients developed macrovascular complication. Compared to the normal arterial stiffness and good glycemic control group, patients with severe arterial stiffness and pool glycemic control had the highest risk of macrovascular complications (HR: 2.73; 95% CI: 1.42-5.25). Similarly, those of severe arterial stiffness and hypertension had the highest risk (HR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.61-4.50). Patients of the composite score > 2 had a significantly increased risk of macrovascular complication.ConclusionThis study suggested the clinical importance of combined evaluation of arterial stiffness, glycemic control and hypertension status for the risk stratification and management of macrovascular complication of type 2 diabetes.
| S-EPMC9706858 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A large body of evidence indicates that the risk for developing chronic diabetic complications is under the control of genetic factors. Previous studies using a candidate gene approach have uncovered a number of genetic loci that may shape this risk, such as the VEGF gene for retinopathy, the ELMO1 gene for nephropathy, and the ADIPOQ gene for coronary artery disease. Recently, a new window has opened on identifying these genes through genome-wide association studies. Such systematic approach has already led to the identification of a major locus for coronary artery disease on 9p21 as well three potential genes for nephropathy on 7p, 11p, and 13q. Further insights are expected from a broader application of this strategy. It is anticipated that the identification of these genes will provide novel insights on the etiology of diabetic complications, with crucial implications for the development of new drugs to prevent the adverse effects of diabetes.
| S-EPMC2956847 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Type 2 diabetes results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Precision medicine for type 2 diabetes using genetic data is expected to predict the risk of developing diabetes and complications and to predict the effects of medications and life-style intervention more accurately for individuals. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in European and Asian populations and new genetic loci have been identified that modulate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Novel loci were discovered by GWAS in diabetic complications with increasing sample sizes. Large-scale genome-wide association analysis and polygenic risk scores using biobank information is making it possible to predict the development of type 2 diabetes. In the ADVANCE clinical trial of type 2 diabetes, a multi-polygenic risk score was useful to predict diabetic complications and their response to treatment. Proteomics and metabolomics studies have been conducted and have revealed the associations between type 2 diabetes and inflammatory signals and amino acid synthesis. Using multi-omics analysis, comprehensive molecular mechanisms have been elucidated to guide the development of targeted therapy for type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications.
| S-EPMC10034958 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:To determine the relation between exposure to glycaemia over time and the risk of macrovascular or microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN:Prospective observational study. SETTING:23 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. PARTICIPANTS:4585 white, Asian Indian, and Afro-Caribbean UKPDS patients, whether randomised or not to treatment, were included in analyses of incidence; of these, 3642 were included in analyses of relative risk. OUTCOME MEASURES:Primary predefined aggregate clinical outcomes: any end point or deaths related to diabetes and all cause mortality. Secondary aggregate outcomes: myocardial infarction, stroke, amputation (including death from peripheral vascular disease), and microvascular disease (predominantly retinal photo-coagulation). Single end points: non-fatal heart failure and cataract extraction. Risk reduction associated with a 1% reduction in updated mean HbA(1c) adjusted for possible confounders at diagnosis of diabetes. RESULTS:The incidence of clinical complications was significantly associated with glycaemia. Each 1% reduction in updated mean HbA(1c) was associated with reductions in risk of 21% for any end point related to diabetes (95% confidence interval 17% to 24%, P<0.0001), 21% for deaths related to diabetes (15% to 27%, P<0.0001), 14% for myocardial infarction (8% to 21%, P<0.0001), and 37% for microvascular complications (33% to 41%, P<0.0001). No threshold of risk was observed for any end point. CONCLUSIONS:In patients with type 2 diabetes the risk of diabetic complications was strongly associated with previous hyperglycaemia. Any reduction in HbA(1c) is likely to reduce the risk of complications, with the lowest risk being in those with HbA(1c) values in the normal range (<6.0%).
| S-EPMC27454 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Diabetes is one of the fastest growing diseases worldwide, projected to affect 693 million adults by 2045. Devastating macrovascular complications (cardiovascular disease) and microvascular complications (such as diabetic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy) lead to increased mortality, blindness, kidney failure and an overall decreased quality of life in individuals with diabetes. Clinical risk factors and glycaemic control alone cannot predict the development of vascular complications; numerous genetic studies have demonstrated a clear genetic component to both diabetes and its complications. Early research aimed at identifying genetic determinants of diabetes complications relied on familial linkage analysis suited to strong-effect loci, candidate gene studies prone to false positives, and underpowered genome-wide association studies limited by sample size. The explosion of new genomic datasets, both in terms of biobanks and aggregation of worldwide cohorts, has more than doubled the number of genetic discoveries for both diabetes and diabetes complications. We focus herein on genetic discoveries for diabetes and diabetes complications, empowered primarily through genome-wide association studies, and emphasize the gaps in research for taking genomic discovery to the next level.
| S-EPMC9639302 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionType 2 diabetes is associated with vascular complications that deteriorate the quality of life and decrease the life expectancy of individuals. We previously reported the efficacy of sitagliptin for glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Sitagliptin Registration Type 2 Diabetes-Juntendo Collaborating Project (SPIRITS-J). Through the results of the SPIRITS-J study, we expected that optimal comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes according to current clinical practice guidelines in addition to achieving individualized glycemic goals would reduce macrovascular complications and all-cause mortality in Japan. The aim of this study was to evaluate this hypothesis.MethodsWe investigated the clinical outcomes prospectively in the extended SPIRITS-J study and compared these to previous Japanese cohort studies in the era before widespread use of guidelines. The primary clinical outcome was a composite of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and all-cause mortality.ResultsMean duration of follow-up was 3.5 ± 1.3 years. The crude incidence of the primary outcome per 1000 person-years was 13.9 (non-fatal MI 1.44, non-fatal stroke 4.22, all-cause mortality 8.79 per 1000 person-years, respectively). It is noteworthy that the incidence of MI in the SPIRITS-J study was very much lower than that in a previous Japanese cohort study. In multivariate analysis, both the history of coronary artery disease and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were independently associated with incidence of primary clinical outcome.ConclusionThe extended SPIRITS-J study demonstrated that optimal comprehensive management in patients with type 2 diabetes according to the recent practice guidelines has succeeded in preventing macrovascular complications in Japan. This study suggests that more intensive LDL-C-lowering therapy is important for further prevention of macrovascular complications even in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (UMIN 000004121).
| S-EPMC6531521 | biostudies-literature