Relationship between arm-to-leg and limbs-to-trunk body composition ratio and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Jung S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8408188 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Human mate choice is influenced by limb proportions. Previous work has focused on leg-to-body ratio (LBR) as a determinant of male attractiveness and found a preference for limbs that are close to, or slightly above, the average. We investigated the influence of two other key aspects of limb morphology: arm-to-body ratio (ABR) and intra-limb ratio (IR). In three studies of heterosexual women from the USA, we tested the attractiveness of male physiques that varied in LBR, ABR and IR, using figures that ranged from -3 to +3 standard deviations from the population mean. We replicated previous work by finding that the optimally attractive LBR is approximately 0.5 standard deviations above the baseline. We also found a weak effect of IR, with evidence of a weak preference for the baseline proportions. In contrast, there was no effect of ABR on attractiveness, and no interactions between the effects of LBR, ABR and IR. Our results indicate that ABR is not an important determinant of human mate choice for this population, and that IR may exert some influence but that this is much smaller than the effects of LBR. We discuss possible reasons for these results, including the limited variability in upper limb proportions and the potentially weak fitness-signal provided by this aspect of morphology.
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Project description:Body Mass Index has traditionally been used as a measure of health, but Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Lean Mass Index (LMI) have been shown to be more predictive of mortality and health risk. Total body FMI and LMI reference curves have particularly been useful in quantifying sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Research has shown regional composition has significant associations to health outcomes. We derived FMI and LMI reference curves of the regions of the body (leg, arm, and trunk) for 15,908 individuals in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for each sex and ethnicity using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method and developed software to visualize this regional composition. These reference curves displayed differentiation between males and females during puberty and sharper limb LMI declines during late adulthood for males. For adults ages 30-50, females had 39%, 83%, and 47% larger arm, leg, and trunk FMI values than males, respectively. Males had 49%, 20%, and 15% higher regional LMI values than females for the arms, legs, and trunk respectively. The leg FMI and LMI of black females were 14% and 15% higher respectively than those of Hispanic and white females. White and Hispanic males had 37% higher trunk FMI values than black males. Hispanic females had 20% higher trunk FMI than white and black females. These data underscore the importance of accounting for sex and ethnicity in studies of regional composition. This study is the first to produce regional LMI and FMI reference tables and curves from the NHANES dataset. These reference curves provide a framework useful in studies and research involving sarcopenia, obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and other studies of compositional phenotypes. Further, the software tool we provide for visualizing regional composition will prove useful in monitoring progress in physical therapy, diets, or other attempts to attain healthier compositions.
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Project description:BackgroundWe investigated whether the results of autonomic function tests correlate with body composition and shape in healthy young people.MethodsWe conducted cardiovascular reflex tests (heart rate [HR] and blood pressure [BP] responses to the Valsalva maneuver and HR response to deep breathing) and the tilt table test with 32 subjects (19 males; mean age, 22.1±1.9 years). Participants also completed an anthropometric measurement sequence (weight; height; upper arm, hips, and waist circumference; triceps and subscapular skinfold), bioelectric impedance testing, and hand grip strength measurements.ResultsMarkers of obesity, other anthropometric measures, functional measures, and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) were significantly positively correlated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in both the supine and tilted positions. There was a positive correlation between the difference in HR (ΔHR) between the tilt and supine body positions and markers of obesity, the functional marker of dominant handgrip strength, and BMR. Participants with a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2 had significantly lower median values of ΔHR, DBP in the tilt-test, SBP at rest, and SBP in the tilt-test than participants who had a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (10.55 vs. 21.95 bpm, P=0.003; 77.55 vs. 90.05 mmHg, P=0.045; 113.45 vs. 140.55 mmHg, P=0.013; 117.00 vs. 135.25 mmHg, P=0.006, respectively). Body fat percentage was identified as an independent positive predictor (β=0.993; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.070 to 1.916; P=0.036) and body water percentage was an independent negative predictor of tilted SBP (β=-1.370; 95% CI, -2.634 to 0.106; P=0.035).ConclusionHigh sympathetic activity, as evaluated by cardiovascular regulation, correlates with a high share of adipose tissue in young healthy persons.
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Project description:BackgroundNo large-scale studies have compared associations between body composition and cardiovascular risk factors across multi-ethnic populations.MethodsPopulation-based surveys included 30,721 Malay, 10,865 Indian and 25,296 Chinese adults from The Malaysian Cohort, and 413,737 White adults from UK Biobank. Sex-specific linear regression models estimated associations of anthropometry and body composition (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], fat mass, appendicular lean mass) with systolic blood pressure (SBP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides and HbA1c.ResultsCompared to Malay and Indian participants, Chinese adults had lower BMI and fat mass while White participants were taller with more appendicular lean mass. For BMI and fat mass, positive associations with SBP and HbA1c were strongest among the Chinese and Malay and weaker in White participants. Associations with triglycerides were considerably weaker in those of Indian ethnicity (eg 0.09 [0.02] mmol/L per 5 kg/m2 BMI in men, vs 0.38 [0.02] in Chinese). For appendicular lean mass, there were weak associations among men; but stronger positive associations with SBP, triglycerides, and HbA1c, and inverse associations with LDL-C, among Malay and Indian women. Associations between WC and risk factors were generally strongest in Chinese and weakest in Indian ethnicities, although this pattern was reversed for HbA1c.ConclusionThere were distinct patterns of adiposity and body composition and cardiovascular risk factors across ethnic groups. We need to better understand the mechanisms relating body composition with cardiovascular risk to attenuate the increasing global burden of obesity-related disease.
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Project description:Evidence suggests that early menarche increases cardiometabolic risk, and adiposity would be a possible mediator of this association. We assessed the association between age at menarche and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and estimated the indirect effect of body composition in adulthood. In 1982, all hospital births in the city of Pelotas/Brazil, were identified and live births were examined and have been prospectively followed. At 30 years, information on age at menarche and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors was available for 1680 women. Mediation analysis was performed using G-computation to estimate the direct effect of age at menarche and the indirect effect of body composition. The prevalence of age at menarche < 12 years was 24.5% and was associated with higher mean diastolic blood pressure [β: 1.98; 95% CI: 0.56, 3.40], total cholesterol (β: 8.28; 95% CI: 2.67, 13.88), LDL-cholesterol (β: 6.53; 95% CI: 2.00, 11.07), triglycerides (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19). For diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, body composition assessed by fat mass index captured from 43.8 to 98.9% of the effect of early menarche, except to systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, C-reactive-protein. Suggesting that the effect of menarche age < 12 years on some metabolic cardiovascular risk factors is mediated partially by body composition in adulthood.
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Project description:Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may have persistent adverse effects on childhood growth and development. We examined whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations during pregnancy and at cord blood were associated with childhood body composition and cardiovascular outcomes. This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, among 4,903 mothers and their offspring. We measured 25(OH)D concentrations at a median gestational age of 20.4 weeks (95% range 18.5-23.4 weeks) and at birth (40.1 weeks [95% range 35.8-42.3 weeks]). 25(OH)D concentrations were categorized into severely deficient (<25.0 nmol/L); deficient (25.0 to 49.9 nmol/L); sufficient (50.0 to 74.9 nmol/L) and optimal (?75.0 nmol/L). At 6 years, we measured childhood body mass index; fat and lean mass by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry; blood pressure; and serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin concentrations. Compared with children from mothers with optimal 25(OH)D concentrations (?75.0 nmol/L), those of severely deficient vitamin D (<25.0 nmol/L) mothers had a 0.12 standard deviation score (SDS); (95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.03, 0.21]) higher fat mass percentage and a 0.13 SDS (95% CI [-0.22, -0.04]) lower lean mass percentage. These associations remained after adjustment for current child vitamin D status. Maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with cardiovascular risk factors in childhood. In conclusion, severe maternal 25(OH)D deficiency (<25.0 nmol/L) during pregnancy is associated with an adverse childhood body composition profile, but we did not observe evidence for an association with childhood cardiovascular risk factors. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings, to examine the underlying mechanisms, the causality of the associations, and the potential for public health interventions.
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Project description:Background:This study aims to explore the correlations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body composition with levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), endothelin 1(ET-1), N-terminal brain natriuretic pro-peptide (NT-proBNP) and calculated cardiovascular risks. Methods:102 women and 67 men with type 2 diabetes participated. Serum levels of NT-proBNP were measured by electro-hemi-luminescence while ELISA were used for ADMA and ET-1. Cardiovascular risks were calculated using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), the UKPDS 2.0 and the ADVANCE risk engines. Statistical analysis was performed on an IBM SPSS 19.0. Results:The BMI outperformed all other indices of obesity (WC, WHtR, WHR), as well as body composition parameters (body fat%, fat mass, fat free mass and total body water) in relation to the estimated risks for coronary heart disease and stroke, based on different calculators. The correlations of the obesity indices with the serum cardiovascular biomarkers were not significant except for BMI and fat mass versus ET-1, and for fat free mass and total body water versus ADMA. Conclusions:The WC, WHR, WHtR, BF%, FM and FFM apparently do not add significant information related to the levels of cardiovascular biomarkers or the calculated CV-risks.
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Project description:ObjectiveMenopause increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) which in part has been attributed to the rise in cholesterol and blood pressure (BP). This study examined the hypothesis that menopausal changes in body composition and regional fat depots relate to the change in CVD risk factors.MethodsA prospective recall study was designed to capture premenopausal women to be re-examined soon after menopause. A total of 97 women from the Oxford Biobank underwent dual x-ray absorptiometry, blood biochemistry, and BP readings pre- and postmenopause.ResultsDespite minimal changes in body weight over the 5.1 ± 0.9 year follow-up period, there was an increase in total fat mass and a decline in lean mass, where the proportional change of regional fat mass was the greatest for the visceral fat depot (+22%, P < 0.01). Plasma ApoB (+12%, P < 0.01) and C-reactive protein (+45%, P < 0.01) increased as did systolic (+7%, P < 0.001) and diastolic BP (+5%, P < 0.001). Plasma nonesterified fatty acids decreased (-20%, P < 0.05) which may reflect on a change in adipose tissue function across the menopause. PCSK-9 decreased (-26%, P < 0.01) which suggests a compensation for the postmenopausal reduction in low-density lipoprotein receptor activity. Using multilinear regression analyses the changes in ApoB and diastolic BP were associated with visceral fat mass change, but this association was lost when adjusted for total fat mass change.ConclusionThe increase in CVD risk factor burden across menopause may not be driven by changes in body composition, rather by functional changes in end organs such as adipose tissue and liver.
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