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To Punish or to Restore: How Children Evaluate Victims' Responses to Immorality.

ABSTRACT: Punishment is important for deterring transgressions and maintaining cooperation, while restoration is also an effective way to resolve conflicts and undo harm. Which way do children prefer when evaluating others' reactions to immorality? Across four experiments, Chinese preschoolers (aged 4-6, n = 184) evaluated victims' different reactions to possession violations (i.e., punishing the perpetrator or restoring the belongings). Children evaluated restorative reactions more positively than punitive ones. This tendency to favor restoration over punishment was influenced by the degree of punishment, with more pronounced patterns observed when punishment was harsher (Experiments 1-3). Indeed, when different degrees of punishment were directly contrasted (Experiment 4), children viewed victims who imposed milder punishment ("steal one object, remove one or two objects") more positively than those who imposed harsh punishment ("steal one object, remove three objects"). These patterns were especially manifested in preschoolers who chose restoration when being put in the victim's situation, suggesting a consistency between evaluations and behaviors. Taken together, the current study showed that children prioritize protecting the victim over harshly punishing the perpetrator, which suggests an early take on the preferred way to uphold justice.

SUBMITTER: Liu X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8414137 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Healthcare professionals who experience trauma due to patient safety incidents can be considered second victims, and they also suffer from various difficulties. In order to support second victims, it is necessary to determine the circumstances of the incidents in question, along with the symptoms that the victims are experiencing and the support they require. A qualitative study on healthcare professionals of various occupations, such as physicians and nurses working in Korea, was conducted, and the experiences and response methods and processes of second victims were examined. METHODS:In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 healthcare professionals (six physicians, eight nurses, and two pharmacists) who had experienced a patient safety incident. All interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the data analysis was conducted in accordance with Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory. Both open coding and axial coding were performed. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) were applied in this study. RESULTS:The results of the open coding demonstrated that the experiences of second victims can be categorized into "the reactions of the first victim and surrounding people after the incident," "Influence of factors aside from the incident," "the initial complex responses of the participants to the incident," "open discussion of the incident," "the culture in medical institutions regarding early-stage incident response," "the coping responses of the participants after incidents," and "living with the incident." Then, the seven categories in the open coding stage were rearranged according to the paradigm model, and the reaction process of the second victims was analyzed through process analysis, being divided into the "entanglement stage," "agitating stage," "struggling stage," "managing stage," and "indurating stage." CONCLUSIONS:This research is significant because it provides a comprehensive understanding of second victims' experiences in the eastern region of Korea, by obtaining data using a qualitative research method. The findings of the study also highlight the five stages of the second victim response process, and can be used to design a specialized second victim support program in Korea.

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To Punish or to Restore: How Children Evaluate Victims' Responses to Immorality.

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