Anti-spike antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in patients with B cell-derived hematologic malignancies.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Greenberger LM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8421105 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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| S-EPMC8295014 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic around the world has revealed that it is urgently important to develop rapid and inexpensive assays for antibodies in general and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody (anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1 antibody) in particular. Herein we report a method to detect the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody level by using Janus emulsions or Janus particles as biosensors. Janus emulsions are composed of two immiscible hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon oils. The hydrocarbon/water interfaces are functionalized with a secondary antibody of IgG protein and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD), to produce two different Janus emulsions. Mixtures of these Janus droplets enable the detection of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody in an agglutination assay caused by the antibody's binding to both the secondary antibody of IgG antibody and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD. Both qualitative optical images and quantitative fluorescence spectra are able to detect the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody at concentrations as low as 0.2 μg/mL in 2 h. The detection results of clinical human serum samples using this agglutination assay confirm that this method is applicable to clinical samples with good sensitivity and specificity. The reported method is generalizable and can be used to detect other analytes by attaching different biomolecular recognition elements to the surface of the Janus droplets.
| S-EPMC8231659 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC8761745 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionOne dose of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine can elicit high antibody titers in individuals who were previously infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, it is unclear how a SARS-CoV-2 infection shortly after a first COVID-19 vaccine dose affects antibody responses.MethodsHere we investigate residents and staff of a nursing home, where a COVID-19 outbreak occurred shortly after the first BNT162b2 immunization.Results and conclusionsOur data show that individuals who got infected as early as 10 days after their first immunization show antibody levels comparable to fully vaccinated individuals.
| S-EPMC8589355 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces B cell responses that continue to evolve for at least a year. During that time, memory B cells express increasingly broad and potent antibodies that are resistant to mutations found in variants of concern1. As a result, vaccination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines produces high levels of plasma neutralizing activity against all variants tested1,2. Here we examine memory B cell evolution five months after vaccination with either Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccine in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals. Between prime and boost, memory B cells produce antibodies that evolve increased neutralizing activity, but there is no further increase in potency or breadth thereafter. Instead, memory B cells that emerge five months after vaccination of naive individuals express antibodies that are similar to those that dominate the initial response. While individual memory antibodies selected over time by natural infection have greater potency and breadth than antibodies elicited by vaccination, the overall neutralizing potency of plasma is greater following vaccination. These results suggest that boosting vaccinated individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines will increase plasma neutralizing activity but may not produce antibodies with equivalent breadth to those obtained by vaccinating convalescent individuals.
| S-EPMC8674133 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| EMPIAR-10947 | biostudies-other
Project description:Macaques are a commonly used model for studying immunity to human viruses, including for studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. However, it is unknown whether macaque antibody responses recapitulate, and thus appropriately model, the response in humans. To answer this question, we employed a phage-based deep mutational scanning approach (Phage- DMS) to compare which linear epitopes are targeted on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in humans and macaques following either vaccination or infection. We also used Phage-DMS to determine antibody escape pathways within each epitope, enabling a granular comparison of antibody binding specificities at the locus level. Overall, we identified some common epitope targets in both macaques and humans, including in the fusion peptide (FP) and stem helix- heptad repeat 2 (SH-H) regions. Differences between groups included a response to epitopes in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) in vaccinated humans but not vaccinated macaques, as well as recognition of a CTD epitope and epitopes flanking the FP in convalescent macaques but not convalescent humans. There was also considerable variability in the escape pathways among individuals within each group. Sera from convalescent macaques showed the least variability in escape overall and converged on a common response with vaccinated humans in the SH-H epitope region, suggesting highly similar antibodies were elicited. Collectively, these findings suggest that the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in macaques shares many features with humans, but with substantial differences in the recognition of certain epitopes and considerable individual variability in antibody escape profiles, suggesting a diverse repertoire of antibodies that can respond to major epitopes in both humans and macaques.Author summaryNon-human primates, including macaques, are considered the best animal model for studying infectious diseases that infect humans. Vaccine candidates for SARS-CoV-2 are first tested in macaques to assess immune responses prior to advancing to human trials, and macaques are also used to model the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there may be differences in how macaque and human antibodies recognize the SARS-CoV-2 entry protein, Spike. Here we characterized the locations on Spike that are recognized by antibodies from vaccinated or infected macaques and humans. We also made mutations to the viral sequence and assessed how these affected antibody binding, enabling a comparison of antibody binding requirements between macaques and humans at a very precise level. We found that macaques and humans share some responses, but also recognize distinct regions of Spike. We also found that in general, antibodies from different individuals had unique responses to viral mutations, regardless of species. These results will yield a better understanding of how macaque data can be used to inform human immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
| S-EPMC8669841 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination is shown to prevent severe illness and death in hemodialysis (HD) patients, but the immune response to vaccines is reduced in this population. This study compared SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titers between HD patients and healthy controls in Japan for up to 6 months following vaccination.MethodsA multi-institutional retrospective study at five clinics in Japan was conducted using 412 HD patients and 156 healthy controls who received two doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 IgG antibody titers were measured at 1, 3, and 6 months after the second dose. The attenuation speed was calculated as slope (i.e., -β) using a linear mixed-effects model toward the log-transformed antibody titers.ResultsThe HD group had significantly lower month 1 antibody titers (Ab-titer-1) than the controls, and these remained lower through month 6 (95% CI: 2617.1 (1296.7, 5240.8) vs. 7285.4 (4403.9, 11,000.0) AU/mL at Ab-titer-1, and 353.4 (178.4, 656.3) vs. 812.0 (498.3, 1342.7) AU/mL at Ab-titer-6 (p < 0.001, respectively)). Lower log Ab-titer-1 levels in the HD group were significantly associated with a lower log Ab-titer-6 (0.90 [0.83, 0.97], p < 0.001). The -β values in the HD patients and healthy controls were -4.7 ± 1.1 and -4.7 ± 1.4 (year-1), respectively.ConclusionSARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titers were significantly lower in HD patients than in healthy controls at 1 (peak) and 6 months after the second vaccination. Low peak antibody titers contributed to low 6-month antibody titers.
| S-EPMC9244285 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with hematological malignancies. Antibodies blocking spike binding to immobilized ACE-2 (NAb) correlated with anti-Spike (S) IgG d42 titers (Spearman r = 0.865, p < 0.0001), and an anti-S IgG d42 level ≥3100 UA/mL was predictive of NAb ≥ 30%, the positivity cutoff for NAb (p < 0.0001). Only 47% of the patients achieved an anti-S IgG d42 level ≥3100 UA/mL after the two BNT162b2 inocula, compared to 87% of healthy controls. In multivariable analysis, male patients, use of B-cell targeting treatment within the last 12 months prior to vaccination, and CD19+ B-cell level <120/uL, were associated with a significantly decreased probability of achieving a protective anti-S IgG level after the second BNT162b2 inoculum. Finally, using the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay, we found a significant increase in T-cell response against the S protein, with 53% of patients having an anti-S IgG-positive ELISPOT after the second BNT162b2 inoculum. There was a correlation between the anti-S ELISPOT response and IgG d42 level (Spearman r = 0.3026, p = 0.012). These findings suggest that vaccination with two BNT162b2 inocula translates into a significant increase in humoral and cellular response in patients with hematological malignancies, but only around half of the patients can likely achieve effective immune protection against COVID-19.
| S-EPMC8353615 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Understanding the trajectory, duration, and determinants of antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform subsequent protection and risk of reinfection, however large-scale representative studies are limited. Here we estimated antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population using representative data from 7,256 United Kingdom COVID-19 infection survey participants who had positive swab SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests from 26-April-2020 to 14-June-2021. A latent class model classified 24% of participants as ‘non-responders’ not developing anti-spike antibodies, who were older, had higher SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values during infection (i.e. lower viral burden), and less frequently reported any symptoms. Among those who seroconverted, using Bayesian linear mixed models, the estimated anti-spike IgG peak level was 7.3-fold higher than the level previously associated with 50% protection against reinfection, with higher peak levels in older participants and those of non-white ethnicity. The estimated anti-spike IgG half-life was 184 days, being longer in females and those of white ethnicity. We estimated antibody levels associated with protection against reinfection likely last 1.5-2 years on average, with levels associated with protection from severe infection present for several years. These estimates could inform planning for vaccination booster strategies. Most people who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 seroconvert within a few weeks, but the determinants and duration of the antibody response are not known. Here, the authors characterise these features of the immune response using data from a large representative community sample of the UK population.
| S-EPMC8556331 | biostudies-literature