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Source analysis of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil irrigated with sewage in Wuqing, Tianjin.

ABSTRACT: In this study, the contents of heavy metals and Cd and Pb isotope ratios of agricultural soil and potential source samples collected from farmland receiving sewage irrigation in Wuqing District, Tianjin, China were determined. Multiple methods were used for source analysis, including positive matrix factorization (PMF), correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and the Cd and Pb isotope ratio method. The results showed that agricultural soil was slightly contaminated by heavy metals in the research area, with relatively higher Cd and Pb accumulation levels compared to those of other heavy metals. Four types of pollution sources, including the soil parent material sources, industrial emission sources, agricultural practice sources, and mixed sources of sewage irrigation and transportation were apportioned and quantified by PMF, combined with the results of PCA and correlation analysis. The contribution rates quantified by the Cd and Pb isotope ratio method were similar, suggesting that no single source dominates Pb and Cd pollution. The contribution rates of Pb analyzed by the isotope ratio method were almost identical to those of the PMF model, indicating the rationality of the PMF result. Our results suggested that correlation analysis and PCA should be utilized to provide information for obtaining reasonable results and defining source categories for PMF, whereas the isotope ratio method should be applied to verify the accuracy of source contributions analyzed by PMF.

SUBMITTER: Wang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8426478 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundChina has undergone a rapid industrial revolution and urbanization during the past three decades. This expansion is largely responsible for the release of a large amount of heavy metals into soils and is increasingly raising concerns over the potential effects on human health and the environment. The problem is drawing increasing attention, especially after an extensive nationwide soil survey report in 2014. A number of studies have examined soil contamination by heavy metals in China. However, most of these studies have been small in scale and it is therefore challenging to get a general overview of the level of contamination across the entire country.ObjectivesThe present study is aimed at presenting a synthesized overview of the extent, pattern, and impact of heavy metal contamination of soils in China, including mitigation approaches.MethodsEighty-six journal articles and other literature such as reports, internet sources, and statistical yearbooks were narratively and critically synthesized to compile a holistic summary of sources of heavy metals, the extent of pollution, spatial distribution and impact of heavy metal contamination in China. The major findings from these studies are presented, along with mitigation approaches applicable to China.DiscussionA synthesis of major findings from recent scientific journals shows that about 10.18% of farmland soils which supports 13.86% of grain production in China is affected by heavy metals. The main sources of pollution are anthropogenic activities. Even though the spatial distribution of pollution is highly variable owing to natural and human factors, provinces with intensive industrial activities such as Henan, Shandong, and Sichuan are more highly polluted than others. These regions are top grain producing areas and hence require close follow-up for development of feasible approaches to mitigating crop contamination and associated health risks emerging in parts of China. The government recently launched a program aimed at determining sound reclamation strategies.ConclusionMitigation of heavy metal contamination in China requires coordination of different actors and integration of all feasible reclamation approaches.Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing financial interests.

Project description:Heavy metal pollution in soil has received much attention in recent decades. Many studies have analyzed the interaction between specific soil quality and soil heavy metal pollution. However, there is little information about the pollution status, spatial distribution and pollution sources of heavy metals in the province of Tianjin. In this paper, the distribution characteristics and pollution sources of heavy metals in soil were studied by means of the surface soil of Tianjin, as the study area and object, conducted in combination with land use types, using multiple data analysis and multivariate statistics, while the pollution levels were evaluated by various indices. The results showed the mean contents of the seven heavy metals of the studied elements followed an increasing order of Cd (0.15 mg/kg) < As (11.9 mg/kg) < Cu (24.3 mg/kg) = Pb (24.3 mg/kg) < Ni (27.9 mg/kg) < Cr (70.7 mg/kg) < Zn (79.1 mg/kg). The median values of Cr and Ni were lower than the background values and did not exceed the screening values at the points, and the median values of Cu, Zn and Pb were close to the background values, while the median contents of As and Cd were higher than the background values. The highest accumulation of heavy metals was found in grassland, and the coefficient of variation of heavy metal contents were higher in garden land, industrial and mining storage land, residential land and transportation land, indicating that the soil heavy metal contents under these land use types were more significantly disturbed by human factors. The evaluation results of the ground accumulation index method showed that the soil in Tianjin was free of pollution, except for Cd, which was at the non-polluted to moderately polluted level. The Nemero integrated pollution index evaluation method and the pollution load index evaluation method together showed that the integrated pollution levels of heavy metals in Tianjin soils were both at no pollution level/safety level. Apart from Cd and As, which were not correlated, the other heavy metals were correlated with each other two by two. Cd, Pb and Zn were the main pollution contributors from traffic, industry and other anthropogenic factors, while Cr and Ni were the main pollution contributors from soil parent material, and Cu was the main pollution contributor from mining and metal smelting. In addition, As was presumed to be the main source of pollution contribution from agriculture and surface runoff.

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Source analysis of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil irrigated with sewage in Wuqing, Tianjin.

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