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Carbon and nitrogen metabolism under nitrogen variation affects flavonoid accumulation in the leaves of Coreopsis tinctoria.

ABSTRACT: Flavonoids are phytochemicals present in medicinal plants and contribute to human health. Coreopsis tinctoria, a species rich in flavonoids, has long been used in traditional medicine and as a food resource. N (nitrogen) fertilization can reduce flavonoid accumulation in C. tinctoria. However, there is limited knowledge regarding N regulatory mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of N availability on flavonoid biosynthesis in C. tinctoria and to investigate the relationship between C (carbon) and N metabolism coupled with flavonoid synthesis under controlled conditions. C. tinctoria seedlings were grown hydroponically under five different N levels (0, 0.625, 1.250, 2.500 and 5.000 mM). The related indexes of C, N and flavonoid metabolism of C. tinctoria under N variation were measured and analysed. N availability (low and moderate N levels) regulates enzyme activities related to C and N metabolism, promotes the accumulation of carbohydrates, reduces N metabolite levels, and enhances the internal C/N balance. The flavonoid content in roots and stalks remained relatively stable, while that in leaves peaked at low or intermediate N levels. Flavonoids are closely related to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and chalcone-thioase (CHS) activity, significantly positively correlated with carbohydrates and negatively correlated with N metabolites. Thus, C and N metabolism can not only control the distribution of C in amino acid and carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways but also change the distribution in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, which also provides meaningful information for maintaining high yields while ensuring the nutritional value of crop plants.

SUBMITTER: Li Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8436962 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The quality of tea product and the metabolism of quality-related compounds in young shoots are significantly affected by the nitrogen(N) supply. However, little is known of the metabolic changes that take place in tea roots and mature leaves under different supplies, which has a large effect on the accumulation of quality-related compounds in young shoots. In this study, young shoots, mature leaves, and roots under different N conditions were subjected to metabolite profiling using gas chromatography and ultraperformance liquid chromatography, coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The contents of free amino acids (e.g., theanine and glutamate) involved in N metabolism were significantly greater under high N than under low N, while a high N supply reduced soluble sugars (e.g., glucose) in all three tissues. Organic acids (e.g., malate, fumarate, α-ketoglutatare, and succinate) involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle remarkably increased as the nitrogen supply increased, which confirms that carbon (C) allocation was restricted by increasing the nitrogen supply, especially in mature leaves. RT-PCR results indicated that gene expression related to nitrogen assimilation significantly increased in roots with increasing nitrogen supply, which had a significant positive relationship with the level of free amino acids in young shoots. In addition, the expression of most genes involved in flavonoid synthesis was significantly upregulated under conditions of low nitrogen supply relative to high nitrogen supply in young shoot and roots. These data suggest that enhanced assimilation of N in tea roots and the coordinated regulation of C (sugars, organic acids, and flavonoids) and N(amino acids) in mature leaves can lead to a high accumulation of amino acids in young shoots. Furthermore, as the N supply increased, more C was partitioned into compounds containing N in mature leaves and roots, resulting in a decrease in flavonoids in young shoots. In conclusion, the accumulation of amino acids and flavonoids in young tea shoots is highly correlated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in roots and mature leaves.

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Carbon and nitrogen metabolism under nitrogen variation affects flavonoid accumulation in the leaves of Coreopsis tinctoria.

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