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Nonlinear response of nitrate to NO_x reduction in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, nitrate plays an increasingly important role in haze pollution and strict emission control seems ineffective in reducing nitrate pollution in China. In this study, observations of gaseous and particulate pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown, as well as numerical modelling were integrated to explore the underlying causes of the nonlinear response of nitrate mitigation to nitric oxides (NO_x) reduction. We found that, due to less NO_x titration effect and the transition of ozone (O₃) formation regime caused by NO_x emissions reduction, a significant increase of O₃ (by ∼ 69%) was observed during the lockdown period, leading to higher atmospheric oxidizing capacity and facilitating the conversion from NO_x to oxidation products like nitric acid (HNO₃). It is proven by the fact that 26-61% reduction of NO_x emissions only lowered surface HNO₃ by 2-3% in Hebi and Nanjing, eastern China. In addition, ammonia concentration in Hebi and Nanjing increased by 10% and 40% during the lockdown, respectively. Model results suggested that the increasing ammonia can promote the gas-particle partition and thus enhance the nitrate formation by up to 20%. The enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity together with increasing ammonia availability jointly promotes the nitrate formation, thereby partly offsetting the drop of NO_x. This work sheds more lights on the side effects of a sharp NO_x reduction and highlights the importance of a coordinated control strategy.

SUBMITTER: Ren C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8439661 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Faced with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the development of COVID-19 vaccines has been progressing at an unprecedented rate. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in China and give suggestions for vaccination strategies and immunization programs accordingly. In March 2020, an anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted online among Chinese adults. The questionnaire collected socio-demographic characteristics, risk perception, the impact of COVID-19, attitudes, acceptance and attribute preferences of vaccines against COVID-19 during the pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the influencing factors of vaccination acceptance. Of the 2058 participants surveyed, 1879 (91.3%) stated that they would accept COVID-19 vaccination after the vaccine becomes available, among whom 980 (52.2%) wanted to get vaccinated as soon as possible, while others (47.8%) would delay the vaccination until the vaccine's safety was confirmed. Participants preferred a routine immunization schedule (49.4%) to emergency vaccination (9.0%) or either of them (41.6%). Logistic regression showed that being male, being married, perceiving a high risk of infection, being vaccinated against influenza in the past season, believing in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination or valuing doctor's recommendations could increase the probability of accepting COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible, while having confirmed or suspected cases in local areas, valuing vaccination convenience or vaccine price in decision-making could hinder participants from immediate vaccination. During the pandemic period, a strong demand for and high acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination has been shown among the Chinese population, while concerns about vaccine safety may hinder the promotion of vaccine uptake. To expand vaccination coverage, immunization programs should be designed to remove barriers in terms of vaccine price and vaccination convenience, and health education and communication from authoritative sources are important ways to alleviate public concerns about vaccine safety.

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Nonlinear response of nitrate to NO_x reduction in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Nonlinear response of nitrate to NOx reduction in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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Nonlinear response of nitrate to NO_x reduction in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.