Exposure and health risk assessment from consumption of Pb contaminated water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Endale YT
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8441166 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundTrihalomethanes (THMs) are the most dominant fraction of all the byproducts formed during chlorination of water. Disinfection by product (DBP) formation in water is a function of numerous factors, including pH, temperature, residual chlorine, source water characteristics, and organic matter. No study has determined the THM level in the drinking water supply of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional design was conducted to collect water samples in the water supply distribution networks of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Twenty-one (21) sampling stations yielded a total of one hundred twenty (120) samples of drinking water. The sample handling and collection procedures were carried out in accordance with USEPA guidelines. A DB-5 capillary column was used to separate the THMs, which were detected using GC-ECD (gas chromatography-electron capture detector). Spectrophotometric and in situ methods were used for physicochemical parameters. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used for data analysis of trihalomethanes and environmental variables using CANOCO 4.5.ResultsThe mean concentration of total trihalomethanes in drinking water in Addis Ababa was 76.3 μg/L. The concentration of chloroform in the drinking water supply in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, ranged between 4.03 and 79.4 μg/L. The mean total THMs in the Legedadi and Gefersa water supply systems were 77.4 μg/L and 69.66 μg/L, respectively. The residual chlorine, phosphates, UV absorbance at 254 nm, and combined chlorine had positive correlations with THM formation. However, electron conductivity had a negative correlation with THM formation.ConclusionsChloroform contributed the most to TTHMs in nearly all samples. The residual chlorine, UV absorbance, phosphate and hardness as calcium, and electron conductivity were found to be the main predictors determining the abundance and distribution of trihalomethanes. The monitoring and regulation of the THMs is required on a regular basis to analyse trends and guide the water treatment and distribution system.
| S-EPMC10558591 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe health sectors success has been determined by consistent and reasonably priced health commodities supply. Despite possible death from the disease, Tuberculosis (TB) can be prevented with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for which enough, effective, and qualified medicines need to be available. However, studies revealed stock of anti-TB drugs in health facilities. Here we present the recent finding on determinants of stock out of Anti-TB drug at public health facilities of Addis Ababa.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify determinants of stock outs of first line anti TB drugs at public health facilities under Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau.MethodMixed study design were employed. A total of 106 facilities were included in the sampling frame and data were collected from the study population such as drug store managers of health facilities providing TB treatment using semi structured questionnaire and through in-depth interview with Addis Ababa hubs of the Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency (EPSA), Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau and selected heads of pharmacy departments of health facilities from May 1-30, 2020 considering one year back retrospective data from March 20,2019 to March 20,2020. Structured record review of data from Logistics Management Information System (LMIS) tools having TB drugs was done using structured observation checklist. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Both descriptive and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed.Result52(62.7%) of health facilities encountered stock out for at least one of these drugs during the past 1 year. Rifampicin 75 mg + Isoniazid 50 mg (RH 75/50 mg) were most stocked out first line anti-TB drug from 33(39.8%) of facilities with 17 mean stocks out days while Rifampicin 75 mg + Isoniazid 50 mg + Pyrazinamide 150 mg (RHZ 75/50/150 mg) were the least first line anti-TB drug stocked out from facilities with mean 5 days of stock out. Delayed supply of anti TB drug from EPSA, delivery of reduced quantity of anti TB drugs by EPSA and stocked out of anti TB Drugs at EPSA were significant determinate factors of stock out of first line anti-TB drug from facilities with 95%CI of 10.34(2.167-49.329), 11.452(2.183-60.079) and 5.646(1.240-25.707) respectively.ConclusionAbove median of health facilities encountered stock out of first line anti-TB drug in Addis Ababa. Delayed supply of anti TB drug from EPSA, delivery of reduced quantity of anti TB drugs by EPSA and stocked out of anti TB Drugs at EPSA were significant determinate factor of stocked out of first line anti-TB drug from facilities. EPSA and other responsible bodies shall work collaboratively to improve their service and ensure availability of adequate amount of Anti TB drug in health facilities.
| S-EPMC9381400 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHealthcare waste produced in healthcare activities entails higher risk of infection and injuries than municipal waste. In developing countries healthcare waste has not received much attention and has been disposed of together with municipal wastes. Modern method of disposal of healthcare waste have been introduced to most healthcare institutions mismanagement and increased in production in public health centres in Ethiopia is important issues. The aim of the study was to assess the type of healthcare waste generation and quantification in selected public health centres in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution based cross-sectional study were conducted from January to February 2018. Fifteen health centres in Addis Ababa City Administration were selected for this study. Data were collected by using by different color plastic bags (Black plastic bags for non-hazardous wastes, Yellow plastic bags for hazardous wastes and Yellow safety box for needles and Red bags for pharmaceutical wastes and toxic wastes). The collected wastes were measured by weighing scale and were written to data entry sheet. To assure the data quality calibration of weighing scale was made by the standard weight every morning. EPI INFO TM7 and IBM SPSS were used for data entry, cleaning and analysis.ResultsThe mean healthcare waste generation was 10.64+5.79Kg/day of which 37.26% (3.96+2.20Kg/day) was general waste and 62.74% (6.68+4.29) was hazardous waste from the studies health centres. Total hazardous waste; sharps, infectious, pathological and pharmaceutical wastes constitutes mean (±SD) 0.97 ±1.03, 3.23 ± 2.60, 2.17±1.92 and 0.25 ±0.34 kg/day respectively. Healthcare waste 29.93% and 0.32% were generated from delivery and post-natal case team and nutrition and growth monitoring case team respectively. The annual mean+ SD of healthcare waste generation rate per health centres were 3807.53+ 2109.84 Kg/year.ConclusionThe finding in this study showed there was an increased in hazardous healthcare waste in amount as compared to the WHO standard 85% non-hazardous waste and 10% hazardous waste and 5% toxic wastes. The healthcare waste management practices about segregation, collection, transportation and disposal at the source is crucial to decrease in quantity. Generally unselective handling and disposal of healthcare wastes is a concern.
| S-EPMC10843618 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAccess to life-saving medicines for maternal health remains a major challenge in numerous developing nations. Periodic and continuous assessment of access to lifesaving commodities is of enormous importance to measure progress and ensure sustainable supply. This study aimed to assess the availability and affordability of priority lifesaving maternal medicines in Addis Ababa in January 2021.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed to assess 33 representative private pharmacies, public health facilities, NGO and private hospitals providing maternal health care and dispensing medicines from January 12 to 27, 2021 in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. WHO and Health Action International procedures were followed to determine sample size, sampling of health facilities, and data collection. WHO and UNFPA priority lifesaving maternal health medicines included in the Ethiopia essential medicine list were included in the study. Data were cleaned and entered into SPSS version 25 for analysis.ResultThe overall mean availability of maternal health medicines was fairly high, 59% (range 6%-94%), as per the WHO availability index. Among the four sectors, the private pharmacy had the lowest availability (40%), while the mean availability in private hospitals, public and NGO/mission sector facilities were 70%, 72% and 72% respectively. Medicines used only for the management of maternal health conditions had lower availability (47%) compared to commodities used for the broader indication (65%). Compared based on source, the average availability of maternal health medicines which could be sourced locally was (68%) higher than imported medicines (55%). Affordability was not an issue in the public sector, public facilities offered maternal health medicines at no cost to the client. On the other hand, the private hospitals dispensed only 13% of the medicines at affordable prices followed by the private pharmacies (17%) and NGO/Mission facilities (29%). Furthermore, key challenges to access maternal health medicines were frequent stockouts in the public sector and the high cost of medicines in the private sector.ConclusionEven though it was below the recommended 80% availability, fairly high availability with variabilities across sectors was observed. Except in the public sector, maternal health medicines were unaffordable in Addis Ababa.
| S-EPMC9019981 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThe burden of stroke is increasing in many low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, stroke has become a major cause of morbidity, long-term disability, and mortality. Time from stroke onset to hospital presentation is a critical factor in acute stroke care. This study aimed to describe risk factors for stroke and clinical presentation of patients presenting to the emergency centre with stroke.MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional study conducted from August 2015 to January 2016 in an urban tertiary care centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between stroke types and stroke risk factors, and delayed presentation and clinical indicators. P-values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 104 patients were included. The mean age was 53 years, and 56% were male. Only 30% of patients arrived using an ambulance service. The most common presenting symptoms were altered mental status (48%), hemiparesis (47%), facial palsy (45%), hemiplegia (29%), and aphasia (25%). Hypertension was the most common risk factor (49%), followed by cardiovascular disease (20.2%) and diabetes mellitus (11%). The majority of strokes were haemorrhagic in aetiology (56%). The median arrival time to the emergency centre was 24 h after symptoms onset; only 15% presented within three hours. Patients with hypertension, or presented with loss of consciousness were significantly more likely to have haemorrhagic stroke (p < .001 and p = .01 respectively). The only risk factor robustly associated with ischaemic stroke was cardiac illness (odds ratio 3.99, p = .01).DiscussionOur study identified hypertension to be the most common risk factor for stroke. The predominant aetiology type in this cohort is haemorrhagic stroke. Lastly, the median arrival time to an emergency centre was 24 h after symptom onset.
| S-EPMC6223601 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionAn increase in population and related increased demand for health services, expansion of industries, and increasing transportation demands have increased the emission of dioxin and furan persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify sources of dioxin and furan emissions, quantify their release into various environmental medias and assess related management practices.MethodsThe standard United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2005) toolkit guide and default emission factor were used to identify the main anthropogenic sources and to quantify the amount of released dioxin and furan. Stratified random sampling techniques were applied to assess current management practices.ResultsNine main groups of dioxin and furan emission sources were identified. The emission of each source group was calculated by the activity rate data multiplied by an emission factor. The results found that about 138.85 g toxic equivalent(TEQ)/a(TEQ/year)of dioxin and furan were released to air, water, residue (materials remaining as sludge after sewage treatment or in the form of ash after incineration activity) and soil. Waste disposal activities recorded the largest release of dioxin and furan, accounting for 68.30 g TEQ/a of dioxin and furan to water and residue, 34.00 g TEQ/a to air and 0.64 g TEQ/a emitted into soil.ConclusionsSeveral sources of dioxin and furan emission were identified and the present study found that their management is inadequate. Waste disposal services are especially inadequate and generate higher amounts of dioxin and furan gasses. In addition, the organizations that are responsible for the release of dioxin and furan have no awareness of their release and inadequate management practices. The present study points to the need for reformulation of the national legal management framework, adoption of best available technology for disposal services such as incinerators with flue gas management, increasing public and stakeholders' awareness and participation and capacitating the responsible government organizations.
| S-EPMC6236542 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa is becoming an important challenge for health services due to rising numbers of patients. In Addis Ababa with around 3.5 million inhabitants, more than 2000 cases are diagnosed annually. In this retrospective population-based cohort study we assessed completeness of and waiting time for cancer-therapy among patients registered in the Addis Ababa City Cancer Registry (AACCR), Ethiopia. Patient hospital files were retrieved to complete the data from AACCR. A total of 588 files were found (51% of those diagnosed from January to March 2012 and 2014). We analyzed completeness and waiting time of chemotherapy and radiotherapy; with completeness defined as ≥85% therapy received according to local guidelines. Analysis was done for the five most common cancer-types commonly treated with chemotherapy (breast, colorectal, non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma, lung and ovarian) and the four most common cancer-types commonly treated with radiotherapy (breast, cervical, head and neck and rectal). In our study, half of the patients (54.1%) received adequately dosed chemotherapy and 24.5% of patients received adequately dosed radiotherapy. The median waiting time was 2.1 months (Range: 0 to 20.72) for chemotherapy and 7 months (Range: 0.17 to 21.8) for radiotherapy. This study underscores the need for health system measures to improve cancer-directed therapy in Ethiopia, especially concerning radiotherapy.
| S-EPMC6752935 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionPeople in Ethiopia, including pregnant women, highly consume both home-made and manufactured alcohol beverages due to lack of awareness about the harmful effect of risky alcohol use, and cultural acceptance of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption and other hazardous patterns of use like binge drinking have tremendous adverse effects on fetus and mothers. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of alcohol consumption, binge drinking and its determinants among pregnant women residing in Kolfe sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsInstitutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 367 pregnant women. The participants were selected using a systematic random sampling method. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. A binary logistic regression was conducted using SPSS version 20 software to identify determinants of alcohol consumption and binge drinking. A p-value < 0.05 was used to declare a statistical significance in multiple logistic regression. The results were described using adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval.ResultsThis study revealed that the prevalence of alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and weekly alcohol consumption of four or more units among pregnant women was 39.78%, 3.54% and 4.9%, respectively. Not having formal education [AOR 95% CI = 8.47 (2.42, 29.62), having primary education [AOR 95% CI = 4.26 (1.23, 14.74), being a housewife [AOR 95% CI = 4.18 (2.13, 8.22), having an unplanned pregnancy [AOR 95% CI = 2.47(1.33, 4.60), having a history of abortion [AOR 95% CI = 3.33 (1.33, 6.05)], not having awareness about the harmful effect of alcohol consumption [AOR 95% CI = 4.66 (2.53, 8.61)], and not having family social support [AOR 95% CI = 2(1.14,3.53) were determinants of alcohol consumption among pregnant women.ConclusionsThis study found a high level of alcohol consumption among pregnant women. Interventions to create awareness on the harmful effects of alcohol are needed. Moreover, strengthening social support during pregnancy and family planning services to reduce unplanned pregnancy and abortion should be considered.
| S-EPMC7755214 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:This study aimed at assessing clients' satisfaction and associated factors among adults. A cross sectional facility based study was conducted on 420 clients of Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from 1 June 2016 to 1 July 2016. Data was entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS statistical package. Data was analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model to find out the most significant predictors for clients satisfaction with outpatient services at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College. RESULTS:This study showed that the overall clients' satisfaction level towards out-patient health service at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College was 47% at 95% CI (42.5, 51.7%). The most frequently identified problems were: lack of clean toilet in nearby the waiting areas, lack of waiting area particularly at pharmacy, inadequate furniture like chair, lack of adequate drugs and supplies, lack of privacy at the examination room, lack of direction signs, and poor communication between clients and health service providers. In conclusion the overall satisfaction level of the patients is low, so this demands the Hospital to take further action on the identified problems to improve the services delivered to the patients.
| S-EPMC6063000 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundOral health is a global issue. It has an enormous impact on the overall health and well-being of an individual. In addition, many studies indicate visual impairment as one of the constraints for proper maintenance of oral hygiene. However, little is known about visually impaired individuals' oral health knowledge and behavior in Ethiopia, specifically in Addis Ababa. Therefore, this study is conducted to assess the oral health knowledge and related behaviors among participants with visual impairment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.AimThis study aimed to assess the oral health knowledge and oral hygiene practice among visually impaired participants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is initially imperative to recognize the deficiency of data regarding the dental health care and needs of such visually impaired individuals in Ethiopia.MethodsIt is a quantitative cross-section study design carried out at the Ethiopian National Association for the blind, located in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted by convenience sampling of visually impaired library attendees' at the blind association. Sixty-five individuals, of which 46 males and 19 females, agreed to take part in the study. Of these, 30.8% had partial and 69.2% total visual impairment.Results61.3% with totally and 72% with partially visually impaired scored high in the knowledge of caries causes respectively. The use of tooth brushing was confirmed by 42.2% with totally and 25% with partially visually impaired. The use of Traditional chewing sticks was confirmed by 57.7% with totally and 30% with partially visually impaired individuals. Moreover, both (Toothbrush and Traditional chewing stick) was used by 35.5% totally and 55% partially visually impaired individuals, respectively.ConclusionsThe study showed the awareness about the causes of dental caries among the visually impaired was high. However, the majority of them had a significant misconception about the causes of dental caries.
| S-EPMC9077845 | biostudies-literature