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Long-term warming and nitrogen fertilization affect C-, N- and P-acquiring hydrolase and oxidase activities in winter wheat monocropping soil.

ABSTRACT: The enzymatic activities and ratios are critical indicators for organic matter decomposition and provide potentially positive feedback to carbon (C) loss under global warming. For agricultural soils under climate change, the effect of long-term warming on the activities of oxidases and hydrolases targeting C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and their ratios is unclear, as well as whether and to what extend the response is modulated by long-term fertilization. A 9-year field experiment in the North China Plain, including an untreated control, warming, N fertilization, and combined (WN) treatment plots, compared the factorial effect of warming and fertilization. Long-term warming interacted with fertilization to stimulate the highest activities of C, N, and P hydrolases. Activities of C and P hydrolase increased from 8 to 69% by N fertilization, 9 to 53% by warming, and 28 to 130% by WN treatment compared to control, whereas the activities of oxidase increased from 4 to 16% in the WN soils. Both the warming and the WN treatments significantly increased the enzymatic C:N ratio from 0.06 to 0.16 and the vector length from 0.04 to 0.12 compared to the control soil, indicating higher energy and resource limitation for the soil microorganisms. Compared to WN, the warming induced similar ratio of oxidase to C hydrolase, showing a comparable ability of different microbial communities to utilize lignin substrates. The relationship analyses showed mineralization of organic N to mediate the decomposition of lignin and enzyme ratio in the long-term warming soil, while N and P hydrolases cooperatively benefited to induce more oxidase productions in the soil subject to both warming and N fertilization. We conclude that coupled resource limitations induced microbial acclimation to long-term warming in the agricultural soils experiencing high N fertilizer inputs.

SUBMITTER: Zhang C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8448830 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Scholars have proposed the practice of split nitrogen fertilizer application (SNFA), which has proven to be an effective approach for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. However, the combined effects of SNFA on wheat plant nitrogen use efficiency, ammonia (NH3) emission flux, as well as the rates of nitrification and denitrification in different ecosystems remain unclear. Meanwhile, few studies have sought to understand the effects of the split nitrogen fertilizer method under water-saving irrigation technology conditions on nitrogen loss. The current study assessed soil NH3 volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification intensities, as well as the abundance of nitrogen cycle-related functional genes following application of different treatments. Specifically, we applied a nitrogen rate of 240 kg⋅ha-1, and the following fertilizer ratios of the percent base to that of topdressing under water-saving irrigation: N1 (basal/dressing, 100/0%), N2 (basal/dressing, 70/30%), N3 (basal/dressing, 50/50%), N4 (basal/dressing, 30/70%), and N5 (basal/dressing, 0/100%). N3 treatment significantly reduced NH3 volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification intensities, primarily owing to the reduced reaction substrate concentration (NO3 - and NH4 +) and abundance of functional genes involved in the nitrogen cycle (amoA-AOB, nirK, and nirS) within the wheat-land soil. 15N tracer studies further demonstrated that N3 treatments significantly increased the grain nitrogen accumulation by 9.50-28.27% compared with that under other treatments. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the amount of nitrogen absorbed by wheat from soil and fertilizers, which was caused by an enhancement in total nitrogen uptake (7.2-21.81%). Overall, N3 treatment (basal/dressing, 50/50%) was found to effectively reduce nitrogen loss through NH3 volatilization, nitrification and denitrification while improving nitrogen uptake by wheat. Thus, its application will serve to further maximize the yield and provide a fertilization practice that will facilitate cleaner wheat production in the North China Plain.

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Long-term warming and nitrogen fertilization affect C-, N- and P-acquiring hydrolase and oxidase activities in winter wheat monocropping soil.

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