Dataset Information

Changes in Rates of Inpatient Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Sterilization in the USA, 2012-2016.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

To examine recent rates of long-acting and permanent methods (LAPM) of contraception use during delivery hospitalization and correlates of their use.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study utilizing the 2012-2016 National Inpatient Sample of hospitalizations in the United States of America. The International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify deliveries, inpatient long-acting reversible contraception (IPP LARC), and postpartum tubal ligation (PPTL). We conducted univariable and multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between demographic, clinical, hospital and geographical characteristics with likelihood of LAPM including IPP LARC and PPTL.

Results

Our sample included 3,642,328 unweighted deliveries. The rate of IPP LARC increased from 34.6 to 54.9 per 10,000 deliveries (58.7%), while the rate of PPTL utilization decreased from 719.5 to 671.8 per 10,000 deliveries (6.6%) over the study period. In multivariable analysis of LAPM utilization versus neither, cesarean delivery (aOR 7.25, 95% CI 7.08-7.43) was associated with greater utilization. Native American (aOR 4.01, 95% CI 2.91-5.53) race was associated with increased use of IPP LARC compared to a non-long-acting method of contraception. Age between 18 and 29 years (aOR 6.21, 95% CI 5.42-7.11) was associated with greater use of IPP LARC versus PPTL. Delivering in a rural hospital ((aOR 0.09, 95% CI 0.06-0.12) and cesarean delivery (aOR 0.09, 95% CI 0.06-0.12) were associated with greater use PPTL versus IPP LARC.

Conclusions

The IPP LARC rate remains at less than 10% the PPTL rates in our study timeframe. The demonstrated variation in uptake of highly effective methods of contraception inpatient after delivery offer possible opportunities for better understanding and improvement in access.

SUBMITTER: Sheyn D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8449803 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Changes in Rates of Inpatient Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Sterilization in the USA, 2012-2016.

Sheyn David D Arora Kavita Shah KS

Maternal and child health journal 20210510 10

<h4>Objectives</h4>To examine recent rates of long-acting and permanent methods (LAPM) of contraception use during delivery hospitalization and correlates of their use.<h4>Methods</h4>A retrospective cohort study utilizing the 2012-2016 National Inpatient Sample of hospitalizations in the United States of America. The International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify deliveries, inpatient long-acting reversible contraception (IPP L ...[more]

PMID: 33970416

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Project description:ImportanceTogether, preterm birth and low birth weight are the second-leading cause of infant mortality in the US and occur disproportionately among Medicaid-paid births and among the infants of Black birthing persons. In 2012, South Carolina's Medicaid program began to reimburse hospitals for immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) separately from the global maternity payment.ObjectiveTo examine the association between South Carolina's policy change and infant health.Design, setting, and participantsThis population-based cohort study using a difference-in-differences analysis included individuals with a South Carolina Medicaid-paid childbirth between January 2009 and December 2015. Data were analyzed from December 2020 to July 2021.ExposuresMedicaid-paid childbirth after March 2012 in South Carolina hospitals that had implemented the policy.Main outcomes and measuresImmediate postpartum LARC uptake, subsequent birth within 4 years, subsequent short-interval birth, days to subsequent birth, subsequent preterm, and low-birth-weight birth within 4 years.ResultsThe study sample included 186 953 Medicaid-paid births between January 2009 and December 2015 in South Carolina (81 110 births from 2009 to 2011, 105 843 births from 2012 to 2015, and 46 414 births in exposure hospitals). The policy was associated with an absolute 5.6-percentage point (95% CI, 3.7-7.4) increase in the probability of receiving an immediate postpartum LARC overall, with significantly larger effects for non-Hispanic Black individuals than non-Hispanic White individuals (difference in coefficients 3.54; 95% CI, 1.35-5.73; P = .002). The policy was associated with a 0.4-percentage point (95% CI, -0.7 to -0.1) decrease in the probability of subsequent preterm birth and a 0.3-percentage point (95% CI, -0.7 to 0) decrease in the probability of subsequent low birth weight. No significant difference in the association between the policy and preterm birth or low-birth-weight birth between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White individuals was found. The policy was associated with a 0.6-percentage point (95% CI, -1.2 to -0.1) decrease in the probability of short-interval birth and a 27-day (95% CI, 11-44) increase in days to next birth among non-Hispanic Black individuals. The policy was associated with a significant decrease in the probability of a subsequent birth overall; however, confidence in this result is attenuated somewhat by nonparallel trends for this outcome before the policy change.Conclusions and relevanceFindings of this cohort study suggest policies increasing access to immediate postpartum LARC may improve birth outcomes but should be accompanied by other policy efforts to reduce inequity in these outcomes.

Project description:IntroductionIn Uganda, although most women wish to delay or prevent future pregnancies, uptake of postpartum family planning (PPFP) is low. We explored behavioural factors influencing the utilisation of postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) in Eastern Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study in two districts of Eastern Uganda. We conducted 20 in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions with postpartum women, male partners, midwives, and village health team members. We analysed transcripts using framework analysis, based on the COM-B framework.ResultsThe use of immediate postpartum LARC was affected by the capabilities of women in terms of their knowledge and misconceptions. Limited capabilities of health workers to provide counselling and insert IUDs, as well as shortages of implants, reduced the physical opportunites for women to access PPFP. Social opportunities for women were limited because men wanted to be involved in the decision but rarely had time to accompany their partners to health facilities, and health workers often appeared too stressed. Men also feared that PPFP would enable their partners to be unfaithful. Motivation to take up immediate postpartum LARC included the desire to space births, preference for contraceptive implants over intra uterine devices (IUD) at the 6-week postpartum period, resumption of sex and menses, partner support, and perceived effectiveness of postpartum contraception. Participants thought that uptake of immediate postpartum LARC could be improved by health education and outreach visits, male involvement and couples' counselling in antenatal clinic appointments, and enabling switching between family planning methods (in case of side-effects) .ConclusionLow uptake of PPFP was caused by inadequate knowledge and misconceptions about LARC by women and their partners, insufficient numbers of midwives trained to provide PPFP, stock-outs of PPFP methods, and few social opportunities for couples to be counselled together. These factors could be addressed by scaling up effective, low cost and innovative ways to provide health education (such as films), involving men in decision-making, as well as training more midwives to provide PPFP services, and ensuring that they have sufficient time and supplies.

Project description:ObjectiveTo investigate whether an early 3-week postpartum visit in addition to the standard 6-week visit increases long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) initiation by 8 weeks postpartum compared to the routine 6-week visit alone.Study designWe enrolled pregnant and immediate postpartum women into a prospective randomized, non-blinded trial comparing a single 6-week postpartum visit (routine care) to two visits at 3 and 6 weeks postpartum (intervention), with initiation of contraception at the 3-week visit, if desired. All participants received structured contraceptive counseling. Participants completed surveys in-person at baseline and at the time of each postpartum visit. A sample size of 200 total participants was needed to detect a 2-fold difference in LARC initiation (20% vs. 40%).ResultsBetween May 2016 and March 2017, 200 participants enrolled; outcome data are available for 188. The majority of LARC initiation occurred immediately postpartum (25% of the intervention arm and 27% of the routine care arm). By 8 weeks postpartum, 34% of participants in the intervention arm initiated LARC, compared to 41% in the routine care arm (p=.35). Overall contraceptive initiation by 8 weeks was 83% and 84% in the intervention and routine care arms, respectively (p=.79). There was no difference between the arms in the proportion of women who attended at least one postpartum visit (70% vs. 74%, p=.56).ConclusionThe addition of a 3-week postpartum visit to routine care does not increase LARC initiation by 8 weeks postpartum. The majority of LARC users desired immediate rather than interval postpartum initiation.Clinical trial registrationClinicaltrials.govNCT02769676 IMPLICATIONS: The addition of a 3-week postpartum visit to routine care does not increase LARC or overall contraceptive initiation by 8 weeks postpartum when the option of immediate postpartum placement is available. The majority of LARC users desired immediate rather than interval postpartum initiation.

Project description:ObjectivesMost published contraceptive continuation rates have scientific limitations and cannot be compared; this is particularly true for dissimilar contraceptives. This study uses a new approach to determine if high continuation rates of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) and protection from unintended pregnancy are observable in a population not self-selecting to use LARC.Study designWe are conducting a partially randomized patient preference trial (PRPPT) to compare continuation rates of short-acting reversible contraception (SARC) and LARC. Only women seeking SARC were invited to participate. Participants chose to be in the preference cohort (self-selected method use) or opted to be randomized to SARC or LARC; only those in the randomized cohort received free product. We compared participant characteristics, reasons for not trying LARC previously and the contraceptive choices that were made.ResultsWe enrolled 917 eligible women; 57% chose to be in the preference cohort and 43% opted for the randomized trial. The preference and randomized cohorts were similar on most factors. However, the randomized cohort was more likely than the preference cohort to be uninsured (48% versus 36%, respectively) and to cite cost as a reason for not trying LARC previously (50% versus 10%) (p<.01 for both comparisons). In the preference cohort, fear of pain/injury/side effects/health risks were the predominant reasons (cited by over 25%) for not trying LARC previously (p<.01 in comparison to randomized cohort).ConclusionsEnrollment was successful and the process created different cohorts to compare contraceptive continuation rates and unintended pregnancy in this ongoing trial. The choices participants made were associated with numerous factors; lack of insurance was associated with participation in the randomized trial.ImplicationsThis PRPPT will provide new estimates of contraceptive continuation rates, such that any benefits of LARC will be more easily attributable to the technology and not the user. Combined with measuring level of satisfaction with LARC, the results will help project the potential role and benefits of expanding voluntary use of LARC.

Project description:Backgrounds:Hospitalizations associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and liver disease increased on average by 6.0% per year from 2004 to 2010 in Canada and were projected (in 2010) to increase by another 4% by 2016. The first generation of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) became available in 2012. In 2014, a second generation of effective and well-tolerated DAA therapy was authorized in Canada. The impact of DAA therapy on the HCV-associated disease burden in Canada has not been documented. Objectives:To assess the potential impact of DAA therapy on the disease burden by a) comparing the actual hospitalization rates associated with HCV infection and liver disease following the introduction of DAAs in Canada with the 2010 baseline projection and b) documenting the associated uptake of anti-HCV therapy. Methods:The hospital records of inpatients diagnosed with chronic HCV and chronic liver disease were extracted from the Canadian Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) by fiscal year for 2004-2016. We compared the actual number of hospitalizations to the baseline projection by year and for selected 5-year birth cohorts (1925-1989). The monthly number of new prescriptions for anti-HCV regimens was extracted from the IQVIA CDH CompuScript database (formerly IMS Health), aggregated to annual levels by age group and compared with hospitalization trends. Results:Compared to the baseline projection, there was a slight reduction in hospitalizations in 2014/15 and 2015/16. This slight reduction was followed by a more significant decline in 2016/17 (32% below expected; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%-37%). The largest declines were observed for patients born before 1960 (age 55 or older) at 40% below expected in 2016/17. The number of new anti-HCV prescriptions increased from 5,484 in fiscal year 2012/13 to a peak of 17,775 in 2015/2016. The number of new prescriptions corresponds to approximately 1.3 and five times the number of hospitalizations in 2012/13 and 2015/16, respectively. Conclusions:In Canada there has been a modest decrease in HCV and liver-related hospitalizations following a significant increase in uptake of second-generation DAAs in 2015. However, the burden is still high. Linked health administrative databases created to monitor the disease burden in the new treatment era should provide additional insight with the linkage of treatment history and disease stage to individual outcomes.

Dataset Information

Changes in Rates of Inpatient Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Sterilization in the USA, 2012-2016.

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Changes in Rates of Inpatient Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Sterilization in the USA, 2012-2016.

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