Associations of Residential Greenness with Depression and Anxiety in Rural Chinese Adults.
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ABSTRACT: Background
Depression and anxiety are top contributors to non-fatal health loss globally. Several studies have indicated the association between residential greenness and mental health.Method
The participants (n = 27,366) were recruited from four counties in Henan Province, China during 2015-2017. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) in the baseline survey. The level of residential greenness during the 3-year period before the baseline survey was assessed using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The mixed-effect linear regression model was applied to examine the associations of residential greenness with depression and anxiety.Results
The results of adjusted models showed that the score of PHQ-2 (Δscore and 95% confidence interval [CI]) decreased by -0.024 (-0.041, -0.006) and -0.022 (-0.038, -0.004) with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI and EVI within a 1,000-m buffer radius, respectively. The score of GAD-2 (Δscore and 95% CI) decreased by -0.024 (-0.040, -0.006) and -0.028 (-0.044, -0.011), in relation to an IQR increase in NDVI and EVI within a 1,000-m buffer radius, respectively.Conclusions
A higher level of residential greenness was significantly associated with lower risk of depression and anxiety in rural areas of Henan Province. Improving residential greenness accessibility may help to promote the mental health of rural populations.
SUBMITTER: Di N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8454668 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:MAP kinase signaling has been implicated in brain development, long-term memory, and the response to antidepressants. Inducible Braf knockout mice enabled us to unravel a new role of neuronal MAPK signaling for emotional behavior. Braf mice that were induced during adulthood showed normal anxiety but increased depression-like behavior, in accordance with pharmacological findings. In contrast, the inactivation of Braf in the juvenile brain leads to normal depression-like behavior but decreased anxiety in adults. In these mutants we found no alteration of GABAergic neurotransmission but reduced neuronal arborization in the dentate gyrus. Analysis of gene expression in the hippocampus revealed nine downregulated MAPK target genes that represent candidates to cause the mutant phenotype. Our results reveal the differential function of MAPK signaling in juvenile and adult life phases and emphasize the early postnatal period as critical for the determination of anxiety in adults. Moreover, these results validate inducible gene inactivation as new valuable approach, allowing to discriminate between gene function in the adult and the developing postnatal brain. Five male Braf-cko, six male homozygous Braf-flox littermates, six male heterozygous CamkII-Cre, and six male wildtype littermates were killed with CO2, the complete hippocampal tissue was prepared, and total RNA was extracted with the Trizol protocol. The integrity and quality of the RNA samples were analyzed with an RNA electrophoresis chip (RNA 6000 Nano Kit, Agilent, Boeblingen, Germany). RNA samples of high integrity and quality (RIN ≥ 7.5) were further processed with the TotalPrep RNA Amplification Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) and hybridized onto MouseWG-6 v1.1 Expression Bead-Chips (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) following manufacturer’s instructions. Data were analyzed using the software R (used packages: beadarray, limma, and vsn).
2012-04-18 | E-GEOD-33618 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:BackgroundBoth air pollution and green space have been shown to affect health. We aimed to assess whether greenness protects against air pollution-related mortality.MethodsWe used data from the 2008 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. We calculated contemporaneous normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the 500 m radius around each participant's residence. Fine particulate matter (PM2·5) concentration was calculated using 3-year average concentrations in 1 km × 1 km grid resolution. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the effects of NDVI, PM2·5, and their interaction on all-cause mortality, adjusted for a range of covariates.FindingsThe cohort contained 12 873 participants, totalling 47 884 person-years. There were 7426 deaths between 2008 and 2014. The mean contemporaneous NDVI was 0·42 (SD 0·21), and the mean 3-year average PM2·5 was 49·63 μg/m3 (13·72). In the fully adjusted model, the mortality hazard ratio for each 0·1-unit decrease in contemporaneous NDVI was 1·08 (95% CI 1·03-1·13), each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2·5 was 1·13 (1·09-1·18), and the interaction term was 1·01 (1·00-1·02) with a p value of 0·027. We observed non-linear associations in our stratified analyses: people living in urban areas were more likely to benefit from greenness, and people living in rural areas were more likely to be harmed by air pollution.InterpretationOur study showed some indication of a synergistic effect of greenness and air pollution, suggesting that green space planning and air pollution control can jointly improve public health.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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