Prosecution records reveal pangolin trading networks in China, 2014-2019.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Huang XQ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8455467 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundGuangdong, located in South China, is one of the areas heavily affected by HIV-1 in China. The transmission of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men (MSM) has gradually been increasing in Guangdong.ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of the HIV-1 drug resistance, and genetic transmission networks in MSM with antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure from 2014 to 2019 in Guangdong.MethodsHIV-1 pol gene sequences were amplified. An online subtyping tool was used to determine the genotype, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was reconstructed to confirm the genotype results. The Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database was used to analyse the sequences of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and drug resistance profiles. A pairwise Tamura-Nei 93 genetic distance-based method was used to analyse the genetic transmission networks.ResultsOf 393 sequences isolated from HIV-infected MSM with ART failure, CRF01_AE (47.3%), CRF07_BC (21.4%) and CRF55_01B (21.4%) were the top three strains. 55.2% individuals harboured NRTI DRMs, whereas 67.4% carried NNRTI DRMs. 96.8% cases harboured mutations resistance to NRTIs or NNRTIs at high-level. The most common DRMs were M184I/V (42.2%), followed by V179D/E (37.9%) and K65R (27.2%). Of the subtype B sequences, no sequence fell into a cluster. Of the CRF01_AE, CRF55_01B, and CRF59_01B sequences, 14.5%, 61.9%, and 33.3% fell into clusters, respectively. Of the CRF07_BC sequences, 39.3% fell into clusters. The majority of MSM in transmission networks were concentrated at age below 35 years old, with multiple links. Moreover, approximately 54.8% of MSM had more than 2 potential transmission partners.ConclusionDrug resistance mutations more frequently occurred in NNRTIs among MSM with ART failure in Guangdong Province. Transmission network analysis revealed a complex transmission pattern, and more attention should be given to younger HIV-1-infected MSM with multiple links.
| S-EPMC8349545 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Air pollution control has become the top priority of China's "green development" concept since 2013. The Chinese government has enacted a range of policies and statutes to control contaminant emissions and improve air quality. On the basis of the national air quality ground observation database, the spatial and temporal distribution of air quality index value (AQI), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), coarse particles (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) were explored in 336 cities throughout China from 2014 to 2019. AQI and most pollutants (except O3) decreased in concentrations from 2014 to 2019. In 2019, all cities except Henan reached the level 2 of the ambient air quality index, and six cities had a lower ambient air quality index and reached the level 1. Spatially, higher pollutant concentrations were concentrated in large city clusters, whereas the areas with high O3 concentration were found across the country. Furthermore, central heating was shown to have a negative impact on air quality. The observed AQI value, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO concentrations were highest in north and northwest China and Henan province in central China. The correlations among pollutants suggest that the main sources of pollutants are fossil fuel combustion, industrial production, and motor vehicle emissions. The influence of meteorological factors on air quality, long-distance transportation, and the transformations of pollutants should be explored in future research.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-021-01043-5.
| S-EPMC8121134 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Horse rearing and trading networks in medieval London
| PRJEB67390 | ENA
Project description:BackgroundDespite China's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) provides 2 doses of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV-AC) for children at 3 years and 6 years old, more self-paying group ACYW135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines (MPV-ACYW135) have been used as an alternative to MPV-AC to prevent Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C,Y,W135. We provide recommendations for Chinese booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine by analyzing the service status of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135.MethodsReported data of routine immunization coverage from all districts of Hangzhou registered in the China Information Management System For Immunization Programming (CIMSFIP) between 2014 to 2019 were described and evaluated. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to characterize the data. Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) were collected from Chinese national adverse event following immunization information system (CNAEFIIS) to compare the safety of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135.Results1376919 doses of booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine (MenV) in CIMSFIP were conducted in China Hangzhou from 2014 to 2019, with reported immunization coverage rates above 95%. The proportion of children using MPV-ACYW135 increased from 12.63% in 2014 to 29.45% in 2019. The incidence of AEFI of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135 were 49.75 per 100,000 and 45.44 per 100,000, respectively, without statistical difference.ConclusionChildren in Hangzhou had high booster immunization of MenV coverage. The use amount and use rate of MPV-ACYW135 increased year by year, indicating more and more parents had chosen MPV-ACYW135 as an alternative to MPV-AC at their own expense for children. The use proportions of MPV-ACYW135 were different in urban, suburban and rural areas. Both MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135 were safe for children.
| S-EPMC8148366 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The global distribution of canine parvovirus (CPV-2) derived from a closely related carnivore parvovirus poses a considerable threat to the dog population. The virus is continuously undergoing genetic evolution, giving rise to several variants. To investigate the prevalence of Chinese CPV-2 strains in recent years, a total of 30 CPV-2 strains were collected from 2018 to 2021 and the VP2 gene was sequenced and analyzed. Two variants, new CPV-2a (297Ala, 426Asn) and CPV-2c (426Glu), were identified. In contrast to previous reports, the CPV-2c variant has gained an epidemiological advantage over the new CPV-2a variant in China. To compensate for the relatively small sample size, 683 Chinese CPV-2 strains identified between 2014 and 2019 were retrieved from the GenBank database and previous publications, and analyses of these strains further supported our findings, which should be considered since the CPV-2c variant has been frequently associated with immune failure in adult dogs. VP2 protein sequence analysis revealed several amino acid substitutions, including Ala5Gly, Pro13Ser, Phe267Tyr, Tyr324Ile, Gln370Arg, Thr440Ala, and Lys570Arg. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length VP2 gene indicated a close relationship between Chinese strains and other Asian strains, suggesting mutual transmission between Asian countries. Furthermore, intercontinental transmission is a cause for concern. Surprisingly, two feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) strains with the Ile101Thr mutation in the VP2 protein were identified in canine fecal samples; FPV has been considered incapable of infecting dogs. This study clarified the epidemic characteristics of Chinese CPV-2 strains detected between 2014 and 2019, offering a reference for epidemic control. In addition, the detection of FPV in canine samples may provide information for future studies on the evolution of carnivore parvoviruses.
| S-EPMC8150379 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Infants who are small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of neonatal and infant death, non-communicable diseases and growth retardation. However, the epidemiological characteristics of SGA remain unclear. We aim to explore the prevalence of SGA and to examine its socioeconomic associations by using data from 21 cities. 10,515,494 single live birth records between 2014 and 2019 from the Guangdong Women and Children Health Information System were included in the study. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the prevalence trend of SGA and its distribution. We also analyze the associations between the prevalence of SGA and per-capita GDP. The prevalence of SGA in Guangdong Province from the years 2014-2019 was 13.17%, 12.96%, 11.96%, 12.72%, 11.45%, 11.30% respectively, and the overall prevalence was 12.28%. The prevalence of term SGA infants in Guangdong Province was 12.50%, which was much higher than that of preterm SGA (7.71%). There was a significant negative correlation between the SGA prevalence and per-capita GDP in 21 cities of Guangdong Province. The level of economic development may affect the prevalence of SGA. The prevalence of SGA in full term infants is significantly higher than in premature infants, suggesting that most SGA infants may be born at a later gestational age.
| S-EPMC8021546 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a member of the genus Orbivirus, family Sedoreoviridae. It was firstly recognized in 1955 to cause a highly fatal disease of wild white-tailed deer in America. So far, EHDV was detected and isolated in many wild or domestic ruminants, and widely distributed all over the world. Although the domestic cattle and sheep infected by EHDV were usually asymptomatic or subclinical, several outbreaks of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) in deer and cattle had been reported. Many EHDV strains were isolated and sequenced in last two decades in China, which promoted a general serologic investigation of EHDV in China. In this study, 18,122 sera were collected from asymptomatic or subclinical domestic ruminants (cattle, cow, yaks, sheep, goats, and deer) in 116 regions belonging to 15 provinces in China. All the sera were tested by EHDV C-ELISA, and the results were obtained by big data analysis. EHDV infections were detected in the 14 of 15 provinces, and only Tibet (average altitude ≥ 4000 m) which was the highest province in China was free of EHDV. The numbers of seropositive collections in both bovine and goat/sheep were in an inverse proportion to the latitude. However, the seropositive rates in bovine were ranged from 0% to 100%, while the seropositive rates in goat/sheep were no more than 50%. The results suggested that bovine was obviously more susceptive for EHDV infection than goat and sheep, therefore might be a major reservoir of EHDV in China. The prevalence of EHDV was consistent with the distribution of Culicoides which were known as the sole insect vectors of EHDV. In particular, the seropositive rates of EHDV were very high in the southern provinces, which required the enhanced surveillance in the future.
| S-EPMC9437609 | biostudies-literature
Project description:East Africa is undergoing rapid expansion of pig rearing, driven by increasing pork consumption. Introduction and expansion of pig production systems in this biodiverse landscape may create new risks, including zoonotic pathogen transmission. Historically, biosecurity measures have primarily been focused at farm level, ignoring the important function pig traders fulfill between farmers and consumers. This study interviewed pig traders operating at Uganda's only registered pork abattoir to describe their characteristics, business practices, biosecurity practices, and pig health management and reporting practices. All the traders were male, and nearly all (90.5%) relied on pig trading as their primary source of income. Most of the pigs brought for processing at the slaughterhouse were purchased from smallholder farms (87.3%). In addition, there was a significant difference in the high price paid per kilogram at farm gate by region (P = 0.005). High prices paid at farm gate were associated with holiday periods (P < 0.001), harvest season (P < 0.001), and drought (P < 0.001). Traders preferred buying live pigs from male farmers (88.9%) because they were considered the final decision makers and owned the pigs being sold. All pig traders were aware of clinical signs indicating a pig was sick. This study has provided baseline information on pig trader practices in Uganda. Improvements in local pork slaughterhouses and markets will benefit not only pig traders in accessing consistent customers but also individual pig farmers by increasing their market access. Finally, given their role as a link between farmers and consumers, traders would benefit from targeted inclusion in disease control and prevention strategies.
| S-EPMC6347582 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of this study was to assess the effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions for respiratory disease (RD) by using distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) in Lanzhou during 2014-2019. In this study, the dataset of air pollutants, meteorological, and daily hospital admissions for RD in Lanzhou, from January 1st, 2014 to December 31st, 2019, were collected from three national environmental monitoring stations, China meteorological data service center, and three large general hospitals, respectively. A time-series analysis with DLNM was used to estimate the associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for RD including the stratified analysis of age, gender, and season. The key findings were expressed as the relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for single-day and cumulative lag effects (0-7). A total of 90, 942 RD hospitalization cases were identified during the study period. The highest association (RR, 95% CI) of hospital admissions for RD and PM2.5 (1.030, 1.012-1.049), and PM10 (1.009, 1.001-1.015), and NO2 (1.047, 1.024-1.071) were observed at lag 07 for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the concentrations, and CO at lag07 (1.140, 1.052-1.236) for an increase of 1 mg/m3 in the concentration. We observed that the RR estimates for gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO and NO2) were larger than those of particulate matter (e.g., PM2.5 and PM10). The harmful effects of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO were greater in male, people aged 0-14 group and in the cold season. However, no significant association was observed for SO2, O38h, and total hospital admissions for RD. Therefore, some effective intervention strategies should be taken to strengthen the treatment of the ambient air pollutants, especially gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO and NO2), thereby, reducing the burden of respiratory diseases.
| S-EPMC8985563 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Emissions trading scheme (ETS) has been adopted by an increasing number of countries and regions for carbon mitigation, but its actual effect depends on specific program design and institutional context. Before launching the world largest ETS, China experimented with seven independent regional pilots, whose effects are only indirectly explored. Here we provide firm-level evidence of the innovation effect directly from China's pilot emissions trading, based on latest patenting information and a quasi-experimental design. China's pilots increase low-carbon innovation of ETS firms by 5-10% without crowding out their other technology innovation. The increase from ETS firms accounts for about 1% increase of the regional low-carbon patents, while a similar increase from large non-ETS firms is also induced by the ETS. Most importantly, the effect is not associated with permit price, auction, or firm characteristics, but is driven by mass-based allowance allocation. A rate-based approach, however, is adopted by China's national market.
| S-EPMC6733790 | biostudies-literature