The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Posth C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8462907 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect.
Posth Cosimo C Zaro Valentina V Spyrou Maria A MA Vai Stefania S Gnecchi-Ruscone Guido A GA Modi Alessandra A Peltzer Alexander A Mötsch Angela A Nägele Kathrin K Vågene Åshild J ÅJ Nelson Elizabeth A EA Radzevičiūtė Rita R Freund Cäcilia C Bondioli Lorenzo M LM Cappuccini Luca L Frenzel Hannah H Pacciani Elsa E Boschin Francesco F Capecchi Giulia G Martini Ivan I Moroni Adriana A Ricci Stefano S Sperduti Alessandra A Turchetti Maria Angela MA Riga Alessandro A Zavattaro Monica M Zifferero Andrea A Heyne Henrike O HO Fernández-Domínguez Eva E Kroonen Guus J GJ McCormick Michael M Haak Wolfgang W Lari Martina M Barbujani Guido G Bondioli Luca L Bos Kirsten I KI Caramelli David D Krause Johannes J
Science advances 20210924 39
The origin, development, and legacy of the enigmatic Etruscan civilization from the central region of the Italian peninsula known as Etruria have been debated for centuries. Here we report a genomic time transect of 82 individuals spanning almost two millennia (800 BCE to 1000 CE) across Etruria and southern Italy. During the Iron Age, we detect a component of Indo-European–associated steppe ancestry and the lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture among the putative non–Indo-European–speaking ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundThe origin of the Etruscan civilization (Etruria, Central Italy) is a long-standing subject of debate among scholars from different disciplines. The bulk of the information has been reconstructed from ancient texts and archaeological findings and, in the last few years, through the analysis of uniparental genetic markers.MethodsBy meta-analyzing genome-wide data from The 1000 Genomes Project and the literature, we were able to compare the genomic patterns (>540,000 SNPs) of present day Tuscans (N = 98) with other population groups from the main hypothetical source populations, namely, Europe and the Middle East.ResultsAdmixture analysis indicates the presence of 25-34% of Middle Eastern component in modern Tuscans. Different analyses have been carried out using identity-by-state (IBS) values and genetic distances point to Eastern Anatolia/Southern Caucasus as the most likely geographic origin of the main Middle Eastern genetic component observed in the genome of modern Tuscans.ConclusionsThe data indicate that the admixture event between local Tuscans and Middle Easterners could have occurred in Central Italy about 2,600-3,100 years ago (y.a.). On the whole, the results validate the theory of the ancient historian Herodotus on the origin of Etruscans.
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Project description:Fire disturbances are becoming more common, more intense, and further-reaching across the globe, with consequences for ecosystem functioning. Importantly, fire can have strong effects on the soil microbiome, including community and functional changes after fire, but surprisingly little is known regarding the role of soil fire legacy in shaping responses to recent fire. To address this gap, we conducted a manipulative field experiment administering fire across 32 soils with varying fire legacies, including combinations of 1-7 historic fires and 1-33 years since most recent fire. We analyzed soil metatranscriptomes, determining for the first time how fire and fire legacy interactively affect metabolically-active soil taxa, the microbial regulation of important carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling, expression of carbohydrate-cycling enzyme pathways, and functional gene co-expression networks. Experimental fire strongly downregulated fungal activity while upregulating many bacterial and archaeal phyla. Further, fire decreased soil capacity for microbial C and N cycling and P transport, and drastically rewired functional gene co-expression. Perhaps most importantly, we highlight a novel role of soil fire legacy in regulation of microbial C, N, and P responses to recent fire. We observed a greater number of functional genes responsive to the interactive effects of fire and fire legacy than those affected solely by recent fire, indicating that many functional genes respond to fire only under certain fire legacy contexts. Therefore, without incorporating fire legacy of soils, studies will miss important ways that fire shapes microbial roles in ecosystem functioning. Finally, we showed that fire caused significant downregulation of carbon metabolism and nutrient cycling genes in microbiomes under abnormal soil fire histories, producing a novel warning for the future: human manipulation of fire legacies, either indirectly through global change-induced fire intensification or directly through fire suppression, can negatively impact soil microbiome functional responses to new fires.
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