Transcriptome Adaptation of the Ovine Mammary Gland to Dietary Supplementation of Extruded Linseed.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Conte G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8465498 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:This study aimed to characterize the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression in the bovine mammary gland and to infer their functions in dietary response to 5% linseed oil (LSO) or 5% safflower oil (SFO). Twelve cows (six per treatment) in mid lactation were fed a control diet for 28 days followed by a treatment period (control diet supplemented with 5% LSO or 5% SFO) of 28 days. Mammary gland biopsies were collected from each animal on day-14 (D-14, control period), D+7 (early treatment period) and D+28 (late treatment period) and were subjected to RNA-Sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analyses. Functional enrichment of lncRNA was performed via potential cis regulated target genes located within 50 kb flanking regions of lncRNAs and having expression correlation of >0.7 with mRNAs. A total of 4955 lncRNAs (325 known and 4630 novel) were identified which potentially cis targeted 59 and 494 genes in LSO and SFO treatments, respectively. Enrichments of cis target genes of lncRNAs indicated potential roles of lncRNAs in immune function, nucleic acid metabolism and cell membrane organization processes as well as involvement in Notch, cAMP and TGF-β signaling pathways. Thirty-two and 21 lncRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in LSO and SFO treatments, respectively. Six genes (KCNF1, STARD13, BCL6, NXPE2, HHIPL2 and MMD) were identified as potential cis target genes of six DE lncRNAs. In conclusion, this study has identified lncRNAs with potential roles in mammary gland functions and potential candidate genes and pathways via which lncRNAs might function in response to LSO and SFA.
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Project description:Enhanced milk composition can improve human health. The composition of milk determines its nutritional and market value. Therefore, in almost all pricing schemes the economic benefits obtained from raw milk sales are influenced by the milk yield and composition. The objective of this retrospective study was to quantify the average effects of supplementing extruded linseed, rich in ?-linolenic acid, to dairy cows on milk yield and milk fat and protein content under field conditions. The study included test day records performed on cows from 1294 dairy herds during the period from 2008 to 2015 that were supplied at least 4 times with extruded linseed deliveries. Exposure statuses were defined according to the time sequence and the amount of extruded linseed distributed in the herd. The unexposed population was composed of cows being in a herd period when extruded linseed was not offered. In a linear dose-response relationship, every 100?g increase in exposure to EL was associated with an increased milk yield from 0.11 to 0.14?kg/day, decreased milk fat from 0.06 to 0.13?g/kg and decreased milk protein from 0 to 0.02?g/kg, according to the cow parity. This study provides information on the associations between estimated intakes of EL and milk production and composition using a large database obtained from commercial dairy herds.
| S-EPMC6879583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nutritional strategies can decrease saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and increase health beneficial fatty acids (FAs) in bovine milk. The pathways/genes involved in these processes are not properly defined. Next-generation RNA-sequencing was used to investigate the bovine mammary gland transcriptome following supplemental feeding with 5% linseed oil (LSO) or 5% safflower oil (SFO). Holstein cows in mid-lactation were fed a control diet for 28 days (control period) followed by supplementation with 5% LSO (12 cows) or 5% SFO (12 cows) for 28 days (treatment period). Milk and mammary gland biopsies were sampled on days-14 (control period), +7 and +28 (treatment period). Milk was used to measure fat(FP)/protein(PP) percentages and individual FAs while RNA was subjected to sequencing.Milk FP was decreased by 30.38% (LSO) or 32.42% (SFO) while PP was unaffected (LSO) or increased (SFO). Several beneficial FAs were increased by LSO (C18:1n11t, CLA:10t12c, CLA:9c11t, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, C22:5n3) and SFO (C18:1n11t, CLA:10t12c, C20:1c11, C20:2, C20:3n3) while several SFAs (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C24:0) were decreased by both treatments (P < 0.05). 1006 (460 up- and 546 down-regulated) and 199 (127 up- and 72 down-regulated) genes were significantly differentially regulated (DE) by LSO and SFO, respectively. Top regulated genes (? 2 fold change) by both treatments (FBP2, UCP2, TIEG2, ANGPTL4, ALDH1L2) are potential candidate genes for milk fat traits. Involvement of SCP2, PDK4, NQO1, F2RL1, DBI, CPT1A, CNTFR, CALB1, ACADVL, SPTLC3, PIK3CG, PIGZ, ADORA2B, TRIB3, HPGD, IGFBP2 and TXN in FA/lipid metabolism in dairy cows is being reported for the first time. Functional analysis indicated similar and different top enriched functions for DE genes. DE genes were predicted to significantly decrease synthesis of FA/lipid by both treatments and FA metabolism by LSO. Top canonical pathways associated with DE genes of both treatments might be involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism.This study shows that rich ?-linolenic acid LSO has a greater impact on mammary gland transcriptome by affecting more genes, pathways and processes as compared to SFO, rich in linoleic acid. Our study suggest that decrease in milk SFAs was due to down-regulation of genes in the FA/lipid synthesis and lipid metabolism pathways while increase in PUFAs was due to increased availability of ruminal biohydrogenation metabolites that were up taken and incorporated into milk or used as substrate for the synthesis of PUFAs.
| S-EPMC4748538 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Small-Tailed Han (STH) sheep are known for their high fecundity, but the survival of lambs is compromised and influences the commercial return from farming these sheep, with this being attributed in part to starvation from insufficient milk production by the ewes. In this study, the transcriptome profiles of the mammary gland of lactating and non-lactating STH ewes were investigated using paired-end RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). An average of 14,447 genes were found to be expressed at peak-lactation in the STH sheep, while 15,146 genes were expressed in non-lactating ewes. A total of 4,003 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the DEGs were associated with a wide range of cellular components, biological processes and metabolic pathways, including binding activities, signaling pathways, cellular structures, and immune responses. The most highly expressed genes at peak-lactation included CSN2, LGB, LALBA, CSN1S1, CSN1S2, and CSN3, and the 10 most highly expressed genes accounted for 61.37% of the total Reads Per Kilobase of transcript, per Million mapped reads (RPKM). The most highly expressed genes in the mammary gland of non-lactating ewes included IgG, THYMB4X, EEF1A1, IgA, and APOE, and the 10 most highly expressed genes accounted for only 12.97% of the total gene RPKM values. This suggests that the sheep mammary gland undergoes a substantial development in milk protein synthesis infrastructure and promotion of protein transportation during lactation.
| S-EPMC7253648 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Serotonin is a key regulator of mammary gland homeostasis during lactation. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat peripartum depression, but also modulates mammary gland serotonin concentrations and signaling in part through DNA methylation. The objective of this study was to determine mouse mammary transcriptome changes in response to the SSRI fluoxetine and how methyl donor supplementation, achieved by folic acid supplementation, affected the transcriptome. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed either breeder diet (containing 4 mg/kg folic acid) or supplemented diet (containing 24 mg/kg folic acid) beginning 2 weeks prior to mating, then on embryonic day 13 mice were injected daily with either saline or 20 mg/kg fluoxetine. Mammary glands were harvested at peak lactation, lactation day 10, for transcriptomic analysis. Fluoxetine but not folic acid altered circulating serotonin and calcium concentrations, and folic acid reduced mammary serotonin concentrations, however only fluoxetine altered genes in the mammary transcriptome. Fluoxetine treatment altered fifty-six genes. Elovl6 was the most significantly altered gene by fluoxetine treatment along with gene pathways involving fatty acid homeostasis, PPARγ, and adipogenesis, which are critical for milk fat synthesis. Enriched pathways in the mammary gland by fluoxetine revealed pathways including calcium signaling, serotonin receptors, milk proteins, and cellular response to cytokine stimulus which are important for lactation. Although folic acid did not impact specific genes, a less stringent pathway analysis revealed more diffuse effects where folic acid enriched pathways involving negative regulation of gene expression as expected, but additionally enriched pathways involving serotonin, glycolysis, and lactalbumin which are critical for lactation. In conclusion, peripartal SSRI use and folic acid supplementation altered critical genes related to milk synthesis and mammary gland function that are important to a successful lactation. However, folic acid supplementation did not reverse changes in the mammary gland transcriptome altered by peripartal SSRI treatment.
| S-EPMC8904566 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Mammary gland development during late gestation in gilts is a major factor that alters the composition of colostrum and growth performance of piglets. Plasma valine is taken up and metabolized extensively by the mammary gland; however, the effects of valine on mammary gland development during late gestation are still unclear. Thirty primiparous gilts were divided into three treatment groups (n =?10) and received one of the three diets starting on day 75 of gestation until the day of farrowing. The total dietary valine to lysine ratio of the three diets was 0.63 (LV), 0.73 (MV), and 0.93 (HV), respectively. Results:Dietary valine supplementation during late gestation did not affect (P >?0.05) the litter size and weight at farrowing; however, the piglet weight and average daily gain at weaning were linearly increased (P <?0.05) as the dietary valine increased. The highest piglet weight at weaning was observed when the gilts were provided the HV diet. Dietary valine supplementation linearly elevated (P <?0.05) protein, fat and solids-not-fat and some free amino acids content in colostrum. The concentration of prolactin in plasma of gilts was linearly increased in response to valine supplementation at days 1 and 10 of lactation (P <?0.05). Furthermore, with increasing dietary valine allowance, a linear increase (P <?0.05) was observed in the area of the lumen of alveolus and the content of DNA, RNA, and total protein in the mammary tissues at day 1 of lactation. Moreover, the protein expression of cyclin D1, p-mTOR, p-S6, and p-4EBP1 was also linearly increased (P <?0.05) in the mammary tissue at day 1 of lactation. However, no difference (P >?0.05) was observed in the indices related to mammary development and the mTOR signaling pathway at day 21 of lactation. Conclusion:The results revealed that increasing the total dietary valine to lysine ratio to 0.93 during late gestation significantly enhances the piglet weight and average daily gain at weaning probably due to improved development of mammary gland.
| S-EPMC7029528 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Animal nutrition considerably affects milk composition that influences its nutritional quality. Milk component synthesis and secretion by the mammary gland involve the expression of a large number of genes whose nutritional regulation remains poorly defined. In this study, 14 lactating goats received 3 experimental diets: 1- the basal diet with hay prepared from regrowth of natural grassland pasture offered ad libitum and a concentrate mixture (CTRL, n = 5)), the basal diet with 530 g/d extruded linseed (EL, n = 4) or with a combination of 340 g/d extruded linseed and 39 g/d of fish oil (ELFO, n = 5). To investigate the pathways regulated by nutrition, we examined the effect of EL and ELFO diets compared with CRTL diet and the effect of EL diet compared to ELFO diet on the expression of approximately 8400 genes in caprine mammary gland using a bovine oligonucleotide microarray.
2016-04-29 | GSE68232 | GEO
Project description:The mammary gland is a dynamic organ that undergoes dramatic physiological adaptations during the transition from late pregnancy to lactation. Investigation of the molecular basis of mammary development and function will provide fundamental insights into tissue remodelling as well as a better understanding of milk production and mammary disease. This is important to livestock production systems and human health. Here we use RNA-seq to identify differences in gene expression in the ovine mammary gland between late pregnancy and lactation.Between late pregnancy (135 days of gestation ± 2.4 SD) and lactation (15 days post partum ± 1.27 SD) 13 % of genes in the sheep genome were differentially expressed in the ovine mammary gland. In late pregnancy, cell proliferation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids and translation were identified as key biological processes. During lactation, high levels of milk fat synthesis were mirrored by enrichment of genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, transport and lipogenesis. Protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was enriched during lactation, likely in support of active milk protein synthesis. Hormone and growth factor signalling and activation of signal transduction pathways, including the JAK-STAT and PPAR pathways, were also differently regulated, indicating key roles for these pathways in functional development of the ovine mammary gland. Changes in the expression of epigenetic regulators, particularly chromatin remodellers, indicate a possible role in coordinating the large-scale transcriptional changes that appear to be required to switch mammary processes from growth and development during late pregnancy to synthesis and secretion of milk during lactation.Coordinated transcriptional regulation of large numbers of genes is required to switch between mammary tissue establishment during late pregnancy, and activation and maintenance of milk production during lactation. Our findings indicate the remarkable plasticity of the mammary gland, and the coordinated regulation of multiple genes and pathways to begin milk production. Genes and pathways identified by the present study may be important for managing milk production and mammary development, and may inform studies of diseases affecting the mammary gland.
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Project description:The specific biology of the male breast remains relatively unexplored in spite of the increasing global prevalence of male breast cancer. Delineation of the microenvironment of the male breast is restricted by the low availability of human samples and a lack of characterisation of appropriate animal models. Unlike the mouse, the male ovine gland persists postnatally. We suggest that the male ovine mammary gland constitutes a promising adjunctive model for the male breast. In this study, we evaluate the male ovine mammary gland microenvironment, comparing intact and neutered males. Assessment of the glandular histo-anatomy highlights the resemblance of the male gland to that of neonatal female sheep and confirms the presence of rudimentary terminal duct lobular units. Irrespective of neutered status, cell proliferation in epithelial and stromal compartments is similarly low in males, and cell proliferation in epithelial cells and in the intralobular stroma is significantly lower than in pubertal female sheep. Between 42% and 72% of the luminal mammary epithelial cells in the male gland express the androgen receptor and expression is significantly reduced by neutering. Luminal epithelial cells within the intact and neutered male gland also express oestrogen receptor alpha, but minimal progesterone receptor expression is observed. The distribution of leukocytes within the ducts and stroma is similar to the mammary gland of female sheep and females of other species. Both macrophages and T lymphocytes are intercalated in the epithelial bilayer and are more abundant in the intralobular stroma than the interlobular stroma, suggesting that they may have a protective immunological function within the vestigial glandular tissue of the male sheep. Mast cells are also observed within the stroma. These cells cluster near the glandular tissue and are frequently located adjacent to blood vessels. The abundance of mast cells is significantly higher in intact males compared to neutered males, suggesting that hormone signalling may impact mast cell recruitment. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of the male ovine mammary gland as a model for furthering our knowledge of postnatal male mammary biology.
| S-EPMC11306760 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The identification of genes regulating milk secretion by mammary glands is a key-step for exploiting changes in milk composition induced by different diet regimens. Linseed supplementation is a reliable feeding strategy to enhance polyunsaturated fatty acid content in milk fat from sheep, increasing milk quality and nutraceutical value. To investigate the molecular bases of diet induced differences in milk composition, we collected milk from dairy ewes at 90 day of lactation and after 3 weeks of diet supplementation with extruded linseed. The milk of dairy ewes contains milk somatic cells mostly derived by mammary glands. After isolating milk somatic cells by centrifugation, RNAs were purified from these cells, and Illumina RNA sequencing was performed to analyze RNA synthesis. Our data provide a resource (available at Gene Expression Omnibus database under GSE89163) to be employed for comparative analyses of gene expression in milk somatic cells in different breeds and different diets, with the long-term aim of developing strategies to improve sheep milk quality.
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