Vitamin C and E Treatment Blocks Changes in Kynurenine Metabolism Triggered by Three Weeks of Sprint Interval Training in Recreationally Active Elderly Humans.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Wyckelsma VL
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8465740 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Sprint interval training (SIT) has emerged as a time-efficient training regimen for young individuals. Here, we studied whether SIT is effective also in elderly individuals and whether the training response was affected by treatment with the antioxidants vitamin C and E. Recreationally active elderly (mean age 65) men received either vitamin C (1 g/day) and vitamin E (235 mg/day) or placebo. Training consisted of nine SIT sessions (three sessions/week for three weeks of 4-6 repetitions of 30-s all-out cycling sprints) interposed by 4 min rest. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were taken before, 1 h after, and 24 h after the first and last SIT sessions. At the end of the three weeks of training, SIT-induced changes in relative mRNA expression of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS)- and mitochondria-related proteins, inflammatory mediators, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channel, the ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1), were blunted in the vitamin treated group. Western blots frequently showed a major (>50%) decrease in the full-length expression of RyR1 24 h after SIT sessions; in the trained state, vitamin treatment seemed to provide protection against this severe RyR1 modification. Power at exhaustion during an incremental cycling test was increased by ~5% at the end of the training period, whereas maximal oxygen uptake remained unchanged; vitamin treatment did not affect these measures. In conclusion, treatment with the antioxidants vitamin C and E blunts SIT-induced cellular signaling in skeletal muscle of elderly individuals, while the present training regimen was too short or too intense for the changes in signaling to be translated into a clear-cut change in physical performance.
| S-EPMC7555371 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction:Oral contraceptive (OC) use influences peak exercise responses to training, however, the influence of OC on central and peripheral adaptations to exercise training are unknown. This study investigated the influence of OC use on changes in time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, as well as tissue saturation index to 4 weeks of sprint interval training in recreationally active women. Methods:Women taking an oral contraceptive (OC; n = 25) or experiencing natural menstrual cycles (MC; n = 22) completed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion followed by a square-wave step-transition protocol to moderate (90% of power output at ventilatory threshold) and high intensity (?50% of power output at ventilatory threshold) exercise on two separate occasions. Time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake on-kinetics, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, and tissue saturation index responses were assessed prior to, and following 12 sessions of sprint interval training (10 min × 1 min efforts at 100-120% PPO in a 1:2 work:rest ratio) completed over 4 weeks. Results:Time-to-fatigue increased in both groups following training (p < 0.001), with no difference between groups. All cardiovascular on-kinetic parameters improved to the same extent following training in both groups. Greater improvements in pulmonary oxygen up-take kinetics were seen at both intensities in the MC group (p < 0.05 from pre-training) but were blunted in the OC group (p > 0.05 from pre-training). In contrast, changes in tissue saturation index were greater in the OC group at both intensities (p < 0.05); with the MC group showing no changes at either intensity. Discussion:Oral contraceptive use may reduce central adaptations to sprint interval training in women without influencing improvements in exercise performance - potentially due to greater peripheral adaptation. This may be due to the influence of exogenous oestradiol and progestogen on cardiovascular function and skeletal muscle blood flow. Further investigation into female-specific influences on training adaptation and exercise performance is warranted.
| S-EPMC7303366 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and Objectives: The all-out mode of sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to be an efficient method for improving sports performance, exercise capacity, and aerobic fitness. Although the benefits of SIT are well described, the mechanisms underlying the different degrees of response remain largely unexplored. We aimed to assess the effects of exertion on the responsiveness to SIT. Materials and Methods: The participants were 28 young untrained men (mean ±?SD age 25.7 ± 6.03 years) who exhibited either a large or small increase in Wingate test average power in response to nine SIT sessions performed over three weeks. Each training session comprised four-six bouts of 30 s all-out cycling interspaced with 4 min of rest. Individual responses were assessed using heart rate (HR) during exercise for all nine sessions, as well as blood lactate concentration up to 1 h, and the decrement in maximal voluntary knee extension torque (MVC) up to 24 h after the first and last training sessions. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximum HR were measured before and after training during an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Results: Although all participants showed benefits of SIT such as increased VO2peak, the increase in anaerobic cycling power varied between participants. We identified 17 high responders and nine low responders, whose average power outputs were 0.80 ± 0.22 and 0.22 ± 0.19 W/kg, respectively. The HR achieved during any of the training sessions did not differ between high and low responders. The lactate kinetics did not differ between groups before and after the intervention. Training resulted in a more rapid recovery of MVC without any discernible differences between the high and low responders. Conclusion: The differences in the responses to SIT are not dependent on the exertion level during training.
| S-EPMC7466197 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The primary aim of the present study was to investigate how the fatigue induced through a repeat sprint protocol acutely affected different measures of neuromuscular performance. Recreationally trained basketball players (n = 25) volunteered to participate in the study, and performed three countermovement jumps (CMJ), as well as three drop jumps (DJ) prior to a fatiguing repeat sprint protocol. These procedures were repeated two minutes, and 15 minutes, following the protocol. Various force-time metrics were extracted from the jump tasks, and linear mixed models with subject ID as the random factor, and time as the fixed factor were used to investigate changes across the three time points. To account for the performance during the repeat sprint protocol, a second, two factor model was performed with time and repeat sprint ability (RSA) as the fixed factors. Study results indicated that the sample as a whole merely experienced fatigue-induced decreases in jump height from pre-repeat sprint ability protocol (pre-RSA) within the CMJ compared to two minutes post-repeat sprint ability protocol (post-RSA1) and 15 minutes post-repeat sprint ability protocol (post-RSA2), while jump height within the DJ was only significantly different from pre-RSA at post-RSA1. Further, despite the implementation of the fatiguing RSA protocol, over the course of the three time-points, participants seemed to perform the two jump tasks more efficiently, seen through significantly lower contraction times, greater eccentric (ECC) peak power, and greater ECC mean deceleration force within the CMJ following the RSA task. The two-factor model revealed that several significant time*RSA interactions were found for metrics such as ECC peak velocity and peak power in the CMJ, as well as reactive strength index in the DJ. This suggests that the level of RSA influenced changes across CMJ and DJ characteristics and should be accounted for when interpreting fatigue-induced changes in neuromuscular performance.
| S-EPMC10351699 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMany individuals lose less weight than expected in response to exercise interventions when considering the increased energy expenditure of exercise (ExEE). This is due to energy compensation in response to ExEE, which may include increases in energy intake (EI) and decreases in non-exercise physical activity (NEPA). We examined the degree of energy compensation in healthy young men and women in response to interval training.MethodsData were examined from a prior study in which 24 participants (mean age, BMI, & VO2max = 28 yrs, 27.7 kg•m-2, and 32 mL?kg-1?min-1) completed either 4 weeks of sprint-interval training or high-intensity interval training. Energy compensation was calculated from changes in body composition (air displacement plethysmography) and exercise energy expenditure was calculated from mean heart rate based on the heart rate-VO2 relationship. Differences between high (? 100%) and low (< 100%) levels of energy compensation were assessed. Linear regressions were utilized to determine associations between energy compensation and ?VO2max, ?EI, ?NEPA, and ?resting metabolic rate.ResultsVery large individual differences in energy compensation were noted. In comparison to individuals with low levels of compensation, individuals with high levels of energy compensation gained fat mass, lost fat-free mass, and had lower change scores for VO2max and NEPA. Linear regression results indicated that lower levels of energy compensation were associated with increases in ?VO2max (p < 0.001) and ?NEPA (p < 0.001).ConclusionsConsiderable variation exists in response to short-term, low dose interval training. In agreement with prior work, increases in ?VO2max and ?NEPA were associated with lower energy compensation. Future studies should focus on identifying if a dose-response relationship for energy compensation exists in response to interval training, and what underlying mechanisms and participant traits contribute to the large variation between individuals.
| S-EPMC5731706 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Improving performances in sprinting requires feedback on sprint parameters such as step length and step time. However, these parameters from the top speed interval (TSI) are difficult to collect in a competition setting. Recent advances in tracking technology allows to provide positional data with high spatio-temporal resolution. This pilot study, therefore, aims to automatically obtain general sprint parameters, parameters characterizing, and derived from TSI from raw speed. In addition, we propose a method for obtaining the intra-cyclic speed amplitude in TSI. We analyzed 32 100 m-sprints of 7 male and 9 female athletes (18.9 ± 2.8 years; 100 m PB 10.55-12.41 s, respectively, 12.18-13.31 s). Spatio-temporal data was collected with a radio-based position detection system (RedFIR, Fraunhofer Institute, Germany). A general velocity curve was fitted to the overall speed curve (vbase), TSI (upper quintile of vbase values) was determined and a cosine term was added to vbase within TSI (vcycle) to capture the cyclic nature of speed. This allowed to derive TSI parameters including TSI amplitude from the fitted parameters of the cosine term. Results showed good approximation for vbase (error: 5.0 ± 1.0%) and for vcycle (2.0 ± 1.0%). For validation we compared spatio-temporal TSI parameters to criterion values from laser measurement (speed) and optoelectric systems (step time and step length) showing acceptable RMSEs for mean speed (0.08 m/s), for step time (0.004 s), and for step length (0.03 m). Top speed interval amplitude showed a significant difference between males (mean: 1.41 m/s) and females (mean: 0.71 m/s) and correlations showed its independence from other sprint parameters. Gender comparisons for validation revealed the expected differences. This pilot study investigated the feasibility of estimating sprint parameters from high-quality tracking data. The proposed method is independent of the data source and allows to automatically obtain general sprint parameters and TSI parameters, including TSI amplitude assessed here for the first time in a competition-like setting.
| S-EPMC8255486 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The purpose of this investigation was to compare changes in circulating lymphocyte subset cell counts between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), sprint interval exercise (SIE), and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE). Recreationally active men (n = 11; age: 23 ± 4 yr; height: 179.9 ± 4.5 cm; body mass: 79.8 ± 8.7 kg; body fat %:12.6 ± 3.8%; V̇O2max: 46.6 ± 3.9 ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1) completed a maximal graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and three duration-matched cycling trials (HIIE, SIE, and MICE) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. HIIE consisted of fifteen 90-s bouts at 85% V̇O2max interspersed with 90-s active recovery periods. SIE consisted of fifteen 20-s bouts at 130% maximal power and 160-s active recovery periods. MICE was a continuous bout at 65% V̇O2max. Total exercise duration was 53 min in all three trials, including warm-up and cool-down. Blood was collected before, immediately post, 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h post-exercise. Changes in lymphocyte subset counts, and surface expression of various markers were analyzed via flow cytometry. Changes were assessed using mixed model regression analysis with an autoregressive first order repeated measures correction. Significant decreases were observed in absolute counts of CD56dim NK cells, CD19+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells 30 min and 24-h post-exercise in all three trials. Despite resulting in greater total work and oxygen consumption, MICE elicited similar changes in lymphocyte subset counts and receptor expression compared to both SIE and HIIE. Similarly, while the two interval trials resulted in differing oxygen consumption and total work, no differences in the lymphocyte response were observed. Though both forms of exercise resulted in declines in circulating lymphocyte cell counts, neither exercise type provides an immune-related advantage when matched for duration.
| S-EPMC8790298 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimsWe investigated whether sprint interval training (SIT) was a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve insulin sensitivity and other indices of cardiometabolic health to the same extent as traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). SIT involved 1 minute of intense exercise within a 10-minute time commitment, whereas MICT involved 50 minutes of continuous exercise per session.MethodsSedentary men (27±8y; BMI = 26±6kg/m2) performed three weekly sessions of SIT (n = 9) or MICT (n = 10) for 12 weeks or served as non-training controls (n = 6). SIT involved 3x20-second 'all-out' cycle sprints (~500W) interspersed with 2 minutes of cycling at 50W, whereas MICT involved 45 minutes of continuous cycling at ~70% maximal heart rate (~110W). Both protocols involved a 2-minute warm-up and 3-minute cool-down at 50W.ResultsPeak oxygen uptake increased after training by 19% in both groups (SIT: 32±7 to 38±8; MICT: 34±6 to 40±8ml/kg/min; p<0.001 for both). Insulin sensitivity index (CSI), determined by intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed before and 72 hours after training, increased similarly after SIT (4.9±2.5 to 7.5±4.7, p = 0.002) and MICT (5.0±3.3 to 6.7±5.0 x 10-4 min-1 [?U/mL]-1, p = 0.013) (p<0.05). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial content also increased similarly after SIT and MICT, as primarily reflected by the maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS; P<0.001). The corresponding changes in the control group were small for VO2peak (p = 0.99), CSI (p = 0.63) and CS (p = 0.97).ConclusionsTwelve weeks of brief intense interval exercise improved indices of cardiometabolic health to the same extent as traditional endurance training in sedentary men, despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment.
| S-EPMC4846072 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Aerobic training remodels the quantity and quality (function per unit) of skeletal muscle mitochondria to promote substrate oxidation, however, there remain key gaps in understanding the underlying mechanisms during initial training adaptations. We used short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to determine changes to mitochondrial respiration and regulatory pathways that occur early in remodeling. Fifteen normal-weight sedentary adults started seven sessions of HIIT over fourteen days and fourteen participants completed the intervention. We collected vastus lateralis biopsies before and 48-hours after HIIT to determine mitochondrial respiration, RNA sequencing, and western blotting for proteins of mitochondrial respiration and degradation via autophagy. HIIT increased respiration per mitochondrial protein for lipid (+23% P=0.020), complex I (+18%, P=0.0015), complex I+II (+14%, P<0.0001) and complex II (+24% P<0.0001). Transcripts that increased with HIIT identified several gene sets of mitochondrial respiration, particularly for complex I, while transcripts that decreased identified pathways of DNA and chromatin remodeling. HIIT lowered protein abundance of autophagy markers for p62 (-19%, P=0.012) and LC3 II/I (-20%, P=0.004) in whole-tissue lysates but not isolated mitochondria. Meal tolerance testing revealed HIIT increased the change in whole-body respiratory exchange ratio and lowered cumulative plasma insulin concentrations. Gene transcripts and respiratory function indicate remodeling of mitochondria within 2 weeks of HIIT. Overall changes are consistent with increased protein quality driving rapid improvements in substrate oxidation.
2023-01-10 | GSE221894 | GEO
Project description:Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise, particularly at the individual level, remain poorly understood. Previous group level research suggests the relationship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]) is unaffected by training as submaximal [Formula: see text] is unchanged. We recently identified substantial inter-individual variation in the exercise [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] relationship that was correlated to stroke volume (SV) as opposed to arterial oxygen content. Therefore we explored the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on modulating [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] given an individual's specific [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] relationship. 22 (21±2 yrs) healthy, recreationally active males participated in a 4-week SIT (8, 20 second sprints; 4x/week, 170% of the work rate at [Formula: see text] peak) study with progressive exercise tests (PET) until exhaustion. Cardiac output ([Formula: see text] L/min; inert gas rebreathe, Finometer Modelflow™), oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text] L/min; breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange), quadriceps oxygenation (near infrared spectroscopy) and exercise tolerance (6-20; Borg Scale RPE) were measured throughout PET both before and after training. Data are mean ? from bsl±SD. Higher [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and lower [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) responders were identified post hoc (n = 8/group). SIT increased the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] post-training in [Formula: see text] (3.8±0.2 vs. 4.7±0.2; P = 0.02) while [Formula: see text] was unaffected (5.8±0.1 vs. 5.3±0.6; P = 0.5). [Formula: see text] was elevated beyond 80 watts in [Formula: see text] due to a greater increase in SV (all P<0.04). Peak [Formula: see text] (ml/kg/min) was increased in [Formula: see text] (39.7±6.7 vs. 44.5±7.3; P = 0.015) and [Formula: see text] (47.2±4.4 vs. 52.4±6.0; P = 0.009) following SIT, with [Formula: see text] having a greater peak [Formula: see text] both pre (P = 0.02) and post (P = 0.03) training. Quadriceps muscle oxygenation and RPE were not different between groups (all P>0.1). In contrast to [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] responders are capable of improving submaximal [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] in response to SIT via increased SV. However, the increased submaximal exercise [Formula: see text] does not benefit exercising muscle oxygenation.
| S-EPMC6343875 | biostudies-literature