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Potential Environmental Risk Characteristics of PCB Transformation Products in the Environmental Medium.

ABSTRACT: The complementary construction of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) phytotoxicity and the biotoxicity 3D-QSAR model, combined with the constructed PCB environmental risk characterization model, was carried out to evaluate the persistent organic pollutant (POP) properties (toxicity (phytotoxicity and biotoxicity), bioconcentration, migration, and persistence) of PCBs and their corresponding transformation products (phytodegradation, microbial degradation, biometabolism, and photodegradation). The transformation path with a significant increase in environmental risks was analyzed. Some environmentally friendly PCB derivatives, exhibiting a good modification effect, and their parent molecules were selected as precursor molecules. Their transformation processes were simulated and evaluated for assessing the environmental risks. Some transformation products displayed increased environmental risks. The environmental risks of plant degradation products of the PCBs in the environmental media showed the maximum risk, indicating that the potential risks of the transformation products of the PCBs and their environmentally friendly derivatives could not be neglected. It is essential to further improve the ability of plants to degrade their transformation products. The improvement of some degradation products for environmentally friendly PCB derivatives indicates that the theoretical modification of a single environmental feature cannot completely control the potential environmental risks of molecules. In addition, this method can be used to analyze and evaluate environmentally friendly PCB derivatives to avoid and reduce the potential environmental and human health risks caused by environmentally friendly PCB derivatives.

SUBMITTER: Li M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8472189 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is concerning for the health of humans, animals, and the environment in a One Health perspective. Assessments of AMR and associated environmental hazards mostly focus on antimicrobial parent compounds, while largely overlooking their transformation products (TPs). This review lists antimicrobial TPs identified in surface water environments and examines their potential for AMR promotion, ecological risk, as well as human health and environmental hazards using in silico models. Our review also summarizes the key transformation compartments of TPs, related pathways for TPs reaching surface waters and methodologies for studying the fate of TPs. The 56 antimicrobial TPs covered by the review were prioritized via scoring and ranking of various risk and hazard parameters. Most data on occurrences to date have been reported in Europe, while little is known about antibiotic TPs in Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and Oceania. Occurrence data on antiviral TPs and other antibacterial TPs are even scarcer. We propose evaluation of structural similarity between parent compounds and TPs for TP risk assessment. We predicted a risk of AMR for 13 TPs, especially TPs of tetracyclines and macrolides. We estimated the ecotoxicological effect concentrations of TPs from the experimental effect data of the parent chemical for bacteria, algae and water fleas, scaled by potency differences predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for baseline toxicity and a scaling factor for structural similarity. Inclusion of TPs in mixtures with their parent increased the ecological risk quotient over the threshold of one for 7 of the 24 antimicrobials included in this analysis, while only one parent had a risk quotient above one. Thirteen TPs, from which 6 were macrolide TPs, posed a risk to at least one of the three tested species. There were 12/21 TPs identified that are likely to exhibit a similar or higher level of mutagenicity/carcinogenicity, respectively, than their parent compound, with tetracycline TPs often showing increased mutagenicity. Most TPs with increased carcinogenicity belonged to sulfonamides. Most of the TPs were predicted to be mobile but not bioaccumulative, and 14 were predicted to be persistent. The six highest-priority TPs originated from the tetracycline antibiotic family and antivirals. This review, and in particular our ranking of antimicrobial TPs of concern, can support authorities in planning related intervention strategies and source mitigation of antimicrobials toward a sustainable future.

Project description:Importance:Pharmaceutical products, including unused portions, may contribute to financial and environmental costs in the United States. Because cataract surgery is performed millions of times each year in the United States and throughout the rest of the world, understanding these financial and environmental costs associated with cataract surgery is warranted. Objective:To investigate the financial and environmental costs of unused pharmaceutical products after phacoemulsification surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants:This descriptive qualitative study included 4 surgical sites in the northeastern United States (a private ambulatory care center, private tertiary care center, private outpatient center, and federally run medical center for veterans). Prices and data for use of services and pharmaceuticals were obtained for the tertiary care and outpatient centers from January 1 through April 30, 2016; for the ambulatory care center from June 1, 2017, through March 31, 2018; and the federal medical center from November 1, 2017, through February 28, 2018. Data were collected from routine phacoemulsification surgical procedures without vitreous loss or other complications. Volume or weight of medications remaining after surgery was measured. Total and mean costs of medications per case and month were calculated. Environmental effects were estimated using economic input-output life cycle assessment methods. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2017, through June 30, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures:Cost of unused pharmaceutical products (in US dollars) and kilogram equivalents of carbon emissions (carbon dioxide [CO2-e]), air pollution (fine particulate matter emissions of ?10 ?m in diameter [PM10-e]), and eutrophication potential (nitrogen [N-e]). Results:A total of 116 unique drugs were surveyed among the 4 centers. Assuming unmeasured medications had no materials left unused, a cumulative mean 83?070 of 183?304 mL per month (45.3%) of pharmaceuticals were unused by weight or volume across all sites. Annual unused product cost estimates reached approximately $195?200 per site. A larger percentage of eyedrops (65.7% by volume) were unused compared with injections (24.8%) or systemic medications (59.9%). Monthly unused quantities at the ambulatory care center (65.9% by volume [54?971 of 83?440 mL]), tertiary care center (21.3% [17?143 of 80?344 mL]), federal medical center (38.5% [265 of 689 mL]), and outpatient center (56.8% [10?691 of 18?832 mL]) resulted in unnecessary potential emissions at each center of 2135, 2498, 418, and 711 kg CO2-e/mo, respectively. Unnecessary potential air pollution between sites varied from 0.8 to 4.5 kg PM10-e/mo, and unnecessary eutrophication potential between sites varied from 0.07 to 0.42 kg N-e/mo. Conclusions and Relevance:This study suggests that unused pharmaceutical products during phacoemulsification result in relatively high financial and environmental costs. If these findings can be substantiated and shown to be generalizable in the United States or elsewhere, reducing these costs may be of value.

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Potential Environmental Risk Characteristics of PCB Transformation Products in the Environmental Medium.

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