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Genotype Diversity and Spread of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Madagascar (2012-2016).

ABSTRACT: White Spot Disease (WSD) caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the most devastating viral disease threatening the shrimp culture industry worldwide, including Madagascar. WDS was first reported on the island in 2012; however, little is known about the circulation of the virus and its genetic diversity. Our study aimed at describing the molecular diversity and the spread of WSSV in the populations of Madagascan crustaceans. Farmed and wild shrimps were collected from various locations in Madagascar from 2012 to 2016 and were tested for WSSV. Amplicons from positive specimens targeting five molecular markers (ORF75, ORF94, ORF125, VR14/15 and VR23/24) were sequenced for genotyping characterizations. Four genotypes were found in Madagascar. The type-I genotype was observed in the south-west of Madagascar in April 2012, causing a disastrous epidemic, then spread to the North-West coast. Type-II strains were detected in October 2012 causing an outbreak in another Penaeus monodon farm. In 2014 and 2015, types II and III were observed in shrimp farms. Finally, in 2016, types II and IV were found in wild species including Fenneropenaeus indicus, Metapenaeus monoceros, Marsupenaeus japonicus and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Considering the economic importance of the shrimp industry for Madagascar, our study highlights the need to maintain WSSV surveillance to quickly take appropriate countermeasures in case of outbreak and to sustain this industry.

SUBMITTER: Onihary AM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8472404 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastating pathogens of cultured shrimp, responsible for massive loss of its commercial products worldwide. The oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense is an economically important species that is widely farmed in China and adult prawns can be infected by WSSV. However, the molecular mechanisms of the host pathogen interaction remain unknown. There is an urgent need to learn the host pathogen interaction between M. nipponense and WSSV which will be able to offer a solution in controlling the spread of WSSV. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was used in this study to determin the transcriptome differences by the comparison of control and WSSV-challenged moribund samples, control and WSSV-challenged survived samples of hepatopancreas in M. nipponense. A total of 64,049 predicted unigenes were obtained and classified into 63 functional groups. Approximately, 4,311 differential expression genes were identified with 3,308 genes were up-regulated when comparing the survived samples with the control. In the comparison of moribund samples with control, 1,960 differential expression genes were identified with 764 genes were up-regulated. In the contrast of two comparison libraries, 300 mutual DEGs with 95 up-regulated genes and 205 down-regulated genes. All the DEGs were performed GO and KEGG analysis, overall a total of 85 immune-related genes were obtained and these gene were groups into 13 functions and 4 KEGG pathways, such as protease inhibitors, heat shock proteins, oxidative stress, pathogen recognition immune receptors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway. Ten genes that valuable in immune responses against WSSV were selected from those DEGs to furture discuss the response of host to WSSV. Results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the immune response of M. nipponense to WSSV, provide information for identifying novel genes in the absence of genome of M. nipponense. Furthermore, large number of transcripts obtained from this study could provide a strong basis for future genomic research on M. nipponense.

Project description:White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the most damaging pathogen in terms of production and economic losses for the shrimp sector world-wide. Estimation of heritability for WSSV resistance was made in this study to obtain necessary parameter inputs for broadening the breeding objectives of an ongoing selective breeding programme for Whiteleg shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei) that has focussed exclusively on improving growth performance since 2014. The present study involved a disease challenge test experiment using a total of 15,000 shrimps from 150 full- and half-sib families (100 individuals per family). Survival rates were recorded at six different experimental periods: 1-3 days (S1), 1-5 days (S2), 1-7 days (S3), 1-9 days (S4), 1-12 days (S5), and 1-15 days (S6) and were used as measures of WSSV resistance. There was significant variation in WSSV resistance among families studied. Quantitative-real time PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that the amount of viral titer (viral load) was significantly lower in high than low resistance families. Analyses of heritability were carried out using linear mixed model (LMM) and threshold logistic generalized model (TLGM). Both linear and threshold models used showed that the heritability (h2) for WSSV resistance was moderate in the early infection phases (S1-S4), whilst a low h2 value was observed for survival after 12 and 15 days of the challenge test (S5 and S6). The transformed heritabilities for WSSV resistance ranged from 1 to 31% which were somewhat lower than those estimated on the liability scale. Genetic correlations between survival rates measured over six different days post-infection were high and positive (0.82-0.99). The phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.31 ± 0.01 to 0.97 ± 0.01. The genetic correlations between body weights and WSSV resistance were negative. Our results on the heritability and genetic correlations show that improvement of WSSV resistance can be achieved through selective breeding in this population of Whiteleg shrimp.

Dataset Information

Genotype Diversity and Spread of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Madagascar (2012-2016).

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