Dataset Information

Synthesis of Macrocyclic Lactones and Dilactones Using Olive Oil.

ABSTRACT: Macrocyclic lactones have redolent characteristics of muscones that originate from the rectal musk organs of the musk deer. These lactones are the primary raw material in the flavor and fragrance industry and are also found within the cyclic frameworks of various bioactive molecules. Due to great demand, many efforts have been made for their synthesis; however, strategies generating a large number of macrocyclic analogues from renewable resources have not been fully realized and are urgently required. Here, we outline a sustainable, straightforward, and eco-friendly approach to synthesize high-valued macrocyclic lactones utilizing olive oil under greener reaction conditions. The outlined method allows us to turn biomass into valuable 12- to 29-membered lactones and dilactones.

SUBMITTER: Rana R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8495847 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Canine heartworm disease is a potentially deadly cardiopulmonary disease caused by the mosquito-borne filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis. In Australia, the administration of macrocyclic lactone (ML) drugs has successfully reduced the prevalence of D. immitis infection. However, the recent re-emergence of D. immitis in dogs in Queensland, Australia and the identification of ML-resistant isolates in the USA poses an important question of whether ML-resistance has emerged in this parasite in Australia. The aim of this study was to utilise phenotypic and genotypic approaches to examine the sensitivity to ML drugs in D. immitis in Australia. To do this, we surveyed 45 dogs from Queensland and New South Wales across 3 years (2019-2022) for the presence of D. immitis infection using an antigen test, quantitative Modified Knott's test, and qPCR targeting both D. immitis and the D. immitis symbiont Wolbachia. A phenotype observed by utilising sequential quantification of microfilariae for 23/45 dogs was coupled with genetic testing of filtered microfilariae for SNPs previously associated with ML-resistance in isolates from the USA. Sixteen (16/45) dogs tested positive for D. immitis infection despite reportedly receiving 'rigorous' heartworm prevention for 12 months prior to the study, according to the owners' assessment. The phenotype and genotypic assays in this study did not unequivocally demonstrate the presence of ML-resistant D. immitis in Australia. Although the failure of 16 dogs to reduce microfilaremia by >90% after ML treatment was considered a suspect phenotype of ML-resistance, no genotypic evidence was discovered using the genetic SNP analysis. The traditional quantitative Modified Knott's test can be substituted by qPCR targeting D. immitis or associated Wolbachia endosymbiont DNA for a more rapid measurement of microfilariae levels. More definitive phenotypic evidence of resistance is critically needed before the usefulness of SNPs for the detection of ML-resistance in Australia can be properly assessed.

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Synthesis of Macrocyclic Lactones and Dilactones Using Olive Oil.

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