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Global Gender Disparities in Premature Death from Cardiovascular Disease, and Their Associations with Country Capacity for Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe the prevalence of gender disparity in cardiovascular disease and explore its association with a country's capacity for controlling noncommunicable diseases. Study data were extracted from the Global Health Estimates, and the Noncommunicable Disease Country Capacity Survey. Age-standardized premature death rates from cardiovascular disease, defined as any death occurring from ages 30 to 70 years, were calculated. Univariate and multivariate general linear regression models were fitted to estimate the correlations between gender disparity and country capacity for noncommunicable disease control. Globally, the premature death rate from cardiovascular diseases was 35.6% higher among men than women in 2000, and the figure hardly changed from 2000 to 2016. The highest gender differences were observed in Europe and high-income countries. The existence of dedicated and multisectoral noncommunicable disease governance bodies and the availability of cardiovascular disease stratification in primary healthcare facilities were positively correlated with gender differences. Conclusively, gender disparities in premature death rates from cardiovascular diseases differed with economic conditions and across geographic regions, with higher relative differences observed in more developed countries. The effects of existing control measures may have plateaued in men but are ongoing among women, especially in more developed countries, widening the gender disparity.

SUBMITTER: Zhang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8507619 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundA core function of local health departments is to conduct health assessments. The analysis of death certificates provides information on diseases, conditions, and injuries that are likely to cause death - an important outcome indicator of population health. The expected years of life lost (YLL) measure is a valid, stand-alone measure for identifying and ranking the underlying causes of premature death. The purpose of this study was to rank the leading causes of premature death among San Francisco residents, and to share detailed methods so that these analyses can be used in other local health jurisdictions.MethodsUsing death registry data and population estimates for San Francisco deaths in 2003-2004, we calculated the number of deaths, YLL, and age-standardized YLL rates (ASYRs). The results were stratified by sex, ethnicity, and underlying cause of death. The YLL values were used to rank the leading causes of premature death for men and women, and by ethnicity.ResultsIn the years 2003-2004, 6312 men died (73,627 years of life lost), and 5726 women died (51,194 years of life lost). The ASYR for men was 65% higher compared to the ASYR for women (8971.1 vs. 5438.6 per 100,000 persons per year). The leading causes of premature deaths are those with the largest average YLLs and are largely preventable. Among men, these were HIV/AIDS, suicide, drug overdose, homicide, and alcohol use disorder; and among women, these were lung cancer, breast cancer, hypertensive heart disease, colon cancer, and diabetes mellitus. A large health disparity exists between African Americans and other ethnic groups: African American age-adjusted overall and cause-specific YLL rates were higher, especially for homicide among men. Except for homicide among Latino men, Latinos and Asians have comparable or lower YLL rates among the leading causes of death compared to whites.ConclusionLocal death registry data can be used to measure, rank, and monitor the leading causes of premature death, and to measure and monitor ethnic health disparities.

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Global Gender Disparities in Premature Death from Cardiovascular Disease, and Their Associations with Country Capacity for Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control.

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