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GmFULc Is Induced by Short Days in Soybean and May Accelerate Flowering in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.

ABSTRACT: Flowering is an important developmental process from vegetative to reproductive growth in plant; thus, it is necessary to analyze the genes involved in the regulation of flowering time. The MADS-box transcription factor family exists widely in plants and plays an important role in the regulation of flowering time. However, the molecular mechanism of GmFULc involved in the regulation of plant flowering is not very clear. In this study, GmFULc protein had a typical MADS domain and it was a member of MADS-box transcription factor family. The expression analysis revealed that GmFULc was induced by short days (SD) and regulated by the circadian clock. Compared to wild type (WT), overexpression of GmFULc in transgenic Arabidopsis caused significantly earlier flowering time, while ful mutants flowered later, and overexpression of GmFULc rescued the late-flowering phenotype of ful mutants. ChIP-seq of GmFULc binding sites identified potential direct targets, including TOPLESS (TPL), and it inhibited the transcriptional activity of TPL. In addition, the transcription levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) and LEAFY (LFY) in the downstream of TPL were increased in GmFULc- overexpressionArabidopsis, suggesting that the early flowering phenotype was associated with up-regulation of these genes. Our results suggested that GmFULc inhibited the transcriptional activity of TPL and induced expression of FT, SOC1 and LFY to promote flowering.

SUBMITTER: Sun J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8508813 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Experimental studies of the flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that a large complex gene regulatory network (GRN) is responsible for its regulation. This process has been mathematically modelled with deterministic differential equations by considering the interactions between gene activators and inhibitors (Valentim et al. in PLoS ONE 10(2):e0116973, 2015; van Mourik et al. in BMC Syst Biol 4(1):1, 2010). However, due to complexity of the model, the properties of the network and the roles of the individual genes cannot be deducted from the numerical solution the published work offers. Here, we propose simplifications of the model, based on decoupling of the original GRN to motifs, described with three and two differential equations. A stable solution of the original model is sought by linearisation of the original model which contributes to further investigation of the role of the individual genes to the flowering. Furthermore, we study the role of noise by introducing and investigating two types of stochastic elements into the model. The deterministic and stochastic nonlinear dynamic models of Arabidopsis flowering time are considered by following the deterministic delayed model introduced in Valentim et al. (2015). Steady-state regimes and stability of the deterministic original model are investigated analytically and numerically. By decoupling some concentrations, the system was reduced to emphasise the role played by the transcription factor Suppressor of Overexpression of Constants1 ([Formula: see text]) and the important floral meristem identity genes, Leafy ([Formula: see text]) and Apetala1 ([Formula: see text]). Two-dimensional motifs, based on the dynamics of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], are obtained from the reduced network and parameter ranges ensuring flowering are determined. Their stability analysis shows that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are regulating each other for flowering, matching experimental findings. New sufficient conditions of mean square stability in the stochastic model are obtained using a stochastic Lyapunov approach. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the reduced models of Arabidopsis flowering time, describing specific motifs of the GRN, can capture the essential behaviour of the full system and also introduce the conditions of flowering initiation. Additionally, they show that stochastic effects can change the behaviour of the stability region through a stability switch. This study thus contributes to a better understanding of the role of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in Arabidopsis flowering.

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GmFULc Is Induced by Short Days in Soybean and May Accelerate Flowering in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.

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