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Enzyme engineering and in vivo testing of a formate reduction pathway.

ABSTRACT: Formate is an attractive feedstock for sustainable microbial production of fuels and chemicals, but its potential is limited by the lack of efficient assimilation pathways. The reduction of formate to formaldehyde would allow efficient downstream assimilation, but no efficient enzymes are known for this transformation. To develop a 2-step formate reduction pathway, we screened natural variants of acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase (ACDH) for activity on one-carbon substrates and identified active and highly expressed homologs of both enzymes. We then performed directed evolution, increasing ACDH-specific activity by 2.5-fold and ACS lysate activity by 5-fold. To test for the in vivo activity of our pathway, we expressed it in a methylotroph which can natively assimilate formaldehyde. Although the enzymes were active in cell extracts, we could not detect formate assimilation into biomass, indicating that further improvement will be required for formatotrophy. Our work provides a foundation for further development of a versatile pathway for formate assimilation.

SUBMITTER: Wang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8511477 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Hydrogenotrophic methanogens produce CH4 using H2 as an electron donor to reduce CO2 In the absence of H2, many are able to use formate or alcohols as alternate electron donors. Methanogens from the order Methanomicrobiales are capable of growth with H2, but many lack genes encoding hydrogenases that are typically found in other hydrogenotrophic methanogens. In an effort to better understand electron flow in methanogens from the Methanomicrobiales, we undertook a genetic and biochemical study of heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr) in Methanoculleus thermophilus Hdr catalyzes an essential reaction by coupling the first and last steps of methanogenesis through flavin-based electron bifurcation. Hdr from M. thermophilus copurified with formate dehydrogenase (Fdh) and only displayed activity when formate was supplied as an electron donor. We found no evidence of an Hdr-associated hydrogenase, and H2 could not function as an electron donor, even with Hdr purified from cells grown on H2 We found that cells catalyze a formate hydrogenlyase activity that is likely essential for generating the formate needed for the Hdr reaction. Together, these results highlight the importance of formate as an electron donor for methanogenesis and suggest the ability to use formate is closely integrated into the methanogenic pathway in organisms from the order MethanomicrobialesIMPORTANCE Methanogens from the order Methanomicrobiales are thought to prefer H2 as an electron donor for growth. They are ubiquitous in anaerobic environments, such as in wastewater treatment facilities, anaerobic digesters, and the rumen, where they catalyze the terminal steps in the breakdown of organic matter. However, despite their importance, the metabolism of these organisms remains understudied. Using a genetic and biochemical approach, we show that formate metabolism is closely integrated into methanogenesis in Methanoculleus thermophilus This is due to a requirement for formate as the electron donor to heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr), an enzyme responsible for catalyzing essential reactions in methanogenesis by linking the initial CO2 fixing step to the exergonic terminal reaction of the pathway. These results suggest that hydrogen is not necessarily the preferred electron donor for all hydrogenotrophic methanogens and provide insight into the metabolism of methanogens from the order Methanomicrobiales.

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Enzyme engineering and in vivo testing of a formate reduction pathway.

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