Selective functional antibody transfer into the breastmilk after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Pullen KM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8531199 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:SARS-CoV-2 infection causes more severe disease in pregnant women compared to age-matched non-pregnant women. Whether maternal infection causes changes in the transfer of immunity to infants remains unclear. Maternal infections have previously been associated with compromised placental antibody transfer, but the mechanism underlying this compromised transfer is not established. Here, we used systems serology to characterize the Fc profile of influenza-, pertussis-, and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies transferred across the placenta. Influenza- and pertussis-specific antibodies were actively transferred. However, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody transfer was significantly reduced compared to influenza- and pertussis-specific antibodies, and cord titers and functional activity were lower than in maternal plasma. This effect was only observed in third-trimester infection. SARS-CoV-2-specific transfer was linked to altered SARS-CoV-2-antibody glycosylation profiles and was partially rescued by infection-induced increases in IgG and increased FCGR3A placental expression. These results point to unexpected compensatory mechanisms to boost immunity in neonates, providing insights for maternal vaccine design.
| S-EPMC7755577 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Dysregulated immune responses contribute to the excessive and uncontrolled inflammation observed in severe COVID-19. However, how immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is induced and regulated remains unclear. Here we uncover a role of the complement system in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Complement rapidly opsonizes SARS-CoV-2 particles via the lectin pathway. Complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2 efficiently induces type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses via activation of dendritic cells, which are inhibited by antibodies against the complement receptors (CR) 3 and 4. Serum from COVID-19 patients, or monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, attenuate innate and adaptive immunity induced by complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2. Blocking of CD32, the FcγRII antibody receptor of dendritic cells, restores complement-induced immunity. These results suggest that opsonization of SARS-CoV-2 by complement is involved in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the acute phase of infection. Subsequent antibody responses limit inflammation and restore immune homeostasis. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the complement system and FcγRII signaling may contribute to severe COVID-19.
| S-SCDT-10_1038-S44318-024-00061-0 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundTesting for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibodies has become an important tool, complementing nucleic acid tests (NATs) for diagnosis and for determining the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in population serosurveys. The magnitude and persistence of antibody responses are critical for assessing the duration of immunity.MethodsA SARS-CoV-2-specific immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay for immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) was developed and prospectively evaluated by comparison to the reference standard of NAT on respiratory tract samples from individuals with suspected COVID-19. Neutralizing antibody responses were measured in a subset of samples using a standard microneutralization assay.ResultsA total of 2753 individuals were eligible for the study (126 NAT-positive; prevalence, 4.6%). The median "window period" from illness onset to appearance of antibodies (range) was 10.2 (5.8-14.4) days. The sensitivity and specificity of either SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, or IgM when collected ≥14 days after symptom onset were 91.3% (95% CI, 84.9%-95.6%) and 98.9% (95% CI, 98.4%-99.3%), respectively. The negative predictive value was 99.6% (95% CI, 99.3%-99.8%). The positive predictive value of detecting any antibody class was 79.9% (95% CI, 73.3%-85.1%); this increased to 96.8% (95% CI, 90.7%-99.0%) for the combination of IgG and IgA.ConclusionsMeasurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody by IFA is an accurate method to diagnose COVID-19. Serological testing should be incorporated into diagnostic algorithms for SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify additional cases where NAT was not performed and resolve cases where false-negative and false-positive NATs are suspected. The majority of individuals develop robust antibody responses following infection, but the duration of these responses and implications for immunity remain to be established.
| S-EPMC7499696 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCasirivimab and imdevimab administered together (REGEN-COV™) markedly reduces the risk of hospitalization or death in high-risk, symptomatic individuals with COVID-19. Here, we report phase 3 results of early treatment of asymptomatic, SARS-CoV-2-positive adults and adolescents with subcutaneous REGEN-COV.MethodsIndividuals ≥12 years of age were eligible if identified within 96 hours of a household contact being diagnosed as SARS-CoV-2-positive; 314 were randomized 1:1 to receive subcutaneous REGEN-COV 1200mg or placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of infected participants without evidence of prior immunity (i.e., SARS-CoV-2-RT-qPCR-positive/seronegative) who subsequently developed symptomatic Covid-19 during a 28-day efficacy assessment period.ResultsSubcutaneous REGEN-COV 1200mg significantly prevented progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic disease compared with placebo (31.5% relative risk reduction; 29/100 [29.0%] vs. 44/104 [42.3%], respectively; P=0.0380). REGEN-COV also reduced the overall population burden of high viral load weeks (39.7% reduction vs. placebo; 48 vs. 82 total weeks; P=0.0010) and of symptomatic weeks (45.3% reduction vs. placebo; 89.6 vs. 170.3 total weeks; P=0.0273), the latter corresponding to an approximately 5.6-day reduction per symptomatic participant. Six placebo-treated participants had a Covid-19-related hospitalization or ER visit versus none for those receiving REGEN-COV. The proportion of participants receiving placebo who had ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse events was 48.1% compared to 33.5% for those receiving REGEN-COV, including Covid-19-related (39.7% vs. 25.8%, respectively) or non-Covid-19-related (16.0% vs. 11.0%, respectively) events.ConclusionsSubcutaneous REGEN-COV 1200mg prevented progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic infection, reduced the duration of high viral load and symptoms, and was well tolerated.(ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04452318.).
| S-EPMC8219113 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To explore the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection in different time before operation and postoperative main complications (mortality, main pulmonary and cardiovascular complications) 30 days after operation; To determine the best timing of surgery after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| 12454 | ecrin-mdr-crc
Project description:The emergence of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China has caused a worldwide epidemic of respiratory disease (COVID-19). Vaccines and targeted therapeutics for treatment of this disease are currently lacking. Here we report a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 (and SARS-CoV) in cell culture. This cross-neutralizing antibody targets a communal epitope on these viruses and may offer potential for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
| S-EPMC7198537 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To The Editor, Currently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization advise that women who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 may choose to breastfeed with appropriate protections to prevent transmission of the virus through respiratory droplets. However, the potential for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 through breastfeeding is currently unknown. To date, case reports on breastmilk samples from a total of 24 SARS-CoV-2-infected women have been published. Of those, viral RNA was detected in ten breastmilk samples from four women. In some but not all cases, environmental contamination as the source of the virus or retrograde flow from an infected infant could not be ruled out. We established a quantitative RT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk with a limit of detection of 250 copies per mL and validated it by spiking breastmilk from uninfected women with known amounts of viral RNA. In addition, we established tissue culture methods to detect replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk. No viral RNA nor culturable virus was detected after Holder pasteurization of breastmilk samples that had been spiked with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 (see Supplement). Between March 27 and May 6, 2020, we collected and analyzed 64 serial breastmilk samples from 18 SARS-CoV-2-infected women residing in the U.S. (see Supplement for clinical characteristics). Breastmilk samples were collected before and after women had a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test and all but one woman had symptomatic disease (see Figure). One of the 64 breastmilk samples had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. The positive sample was collected on the day of symptom onset but one sample 2 days prior to symptom onset and two subsequent samples, collected 12 and 41 days later, tested negative for viral RNA. In addition, a subset of 26 breastmilk samples from nine women were tested for the presence of replication-competent virus using our established culture methods, and all were negative including the one sample that tested positive for viral RNA by RT-PCR. Although SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in one milk sample from one of eighteen infected women, the viral culture for that sample was negative. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 RNA does not represent replication-competent virus and that breastmilk itself is likely not a source of infection for the infant. Furthermore, when control breastmilk samples spiked with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus were treated by Holder pasteurization, a process commonly performed by donor milk banks, no replication-competent virus nor viral RNA was detectable. Further research to confirm these findings is needed, as well as an examination of convalescent milk for the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
| S-EPMC7310649 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infections by many viruses, but a subset of IFITMs enhance infections by specific coronaviruses through currently unknown mechanisms. We show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus and genuine SARS-CoV-2 infections are generally restricted by human and mouse IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 restriction occurred independently of IFITM3 S-palmitoylation, indicating a restrictive capacity distinct from reported inhibition of other viruses. In contrast, the IFITM3 amphipathic helix and its amphipathic properties were required for virus restriction. Mutation of residues within the IFITM3 endocytosis-promoting Yxx? motif converted human IFITM3 into an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cell-to-cell fusion assays confirmed the ability of endocytic mutants to enhance Spike-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TMPRSS2, which increases plasma membrane fusion versus endosome fusion of SARS-CoV-2, attenuated IFITM3 restriction and converted amphipathic helix mutants into infection enhancers. In sum, we uncover new pro- and anti-viral mechanisms of IFITM3, with clear distinctions drawn between enhancement of viral infection at the plasma membrane and amphipathicity-based mechanisms used for endosomal SARS-CoV-2 restriction.
| S-SCDT-EMBOJ-2020-106501 | biostudies-other
Project description:HAE cultures were infected with SARS-CoV, SARS-dORF6 or SARS-BatSRBD and were directly compared to A/CA/04/2009 H1N1 influenza-infected cultures. Cell samples were collected at various hours post-infection for analysis. Time Points = 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hrs post-infection for SARS-CoV, SARS-dORF6 and SARS-BatSRBD. Time Points = 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 hrs post-infection for H1N1. Done in triplicate or quadruplicate for RNA Triplicates/quadruplicates are defined as 3/4 different wells, plated at the same time and using the same cell stock for all replicates. Time matched mocks done in triplicate from same cell stock as rest of samples. Culture medium (the same as what the virus stock is in) will be used for the mock infections. Infection was done at an MOI of 2.
2013-07-31 | E-GEOD-47960 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:HAE cultures were infected with SARS-CoV, SARS-ddORF6 or SARS-BatSRBD and were directly compared to A/CA/04/2009 H1N1 influenza-infected cultures. Cell samples were collected at various hours post-infection for analysis. Time Points = 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hrs post-infection for SARS-CoV. Time Points = 0, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hrs post-infection forSARS-ddORF6 and SARS-BatSRBD. Time Points = 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 hrs post-infection for H1N1. Done in triplicate/quadruplicate for RNA Triplicates/quadruplicates are defined as 3/4 different wells, plated at the same time and using the same cell stock for all replicates. Time matched mocks done in triplicate from same cell stock as rest of samples. Culture medium (the same as what the virus stock is in) will be used for the mock infections. Infection was done at an MOI of 2.
2013-07-31 | E-GEOD-47961 | biostudies-arrayexpress