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Assembling Native Elementary Cellulose Nanofibrils via a Reversible and Regioselective Surface Functionalization.

ABSTRACT: Selective surface modification of biobased fibers affords effective individualization and functionalization into nanomaterials, as exemplified by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation. However, such a route leads to changes of the native surface chemistry, affecting interparticle interactions and limiting the development of potential supermaterials. Here we introduce a methodology to extract elementary cellulose fibrils by treatment of biomass with N-succinylimidazole, achieving regioselective surface modification of C6-OH, which can be reverted using mild post-treatments. No polymer degradation, cross-linking, nor changes in crystallinity occur under the mild processing conditions, yielding cellulose nanofibrils bearing carboxyl moieties, which can be removed by saponification. The latter offers a significant opportunity in the reconstitution of the chemical and structural interfaces associated with the native states. Consequently, 3D structuring of native elementary cellulose nanofibrils is made possible with the same supramolecular features as the biosynthesized fibers, which is required to unlock the full potential of cellulose as a sustainable building block.

SUBMITTER: Beaumont M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8532154 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Assembling Native Elementary Cellulose Nanofibrils via a Reversible and Regioselective Surface Functionalization.

Beaumont Marco M Tardy Blaise L BL Reyes Guillermo G Koso Tetyana V TV Schaubmayr Elisabeth E Jusner Paul P King Alistair W T AWT Dagastine Raymond R RR Potthast Antje A Rojas Orlando J OJ Rosenau Thomas T

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20211007 41

Selective surface modification of biobased fibers affords effective individualization and functionalization into nanomaterials, as exemplified by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation. However, such a route leads to changes of the native surface chemistry, affecting interparticle interactions and limiting the development of potential supermaterials. Here we introduce a methodology to extract elementary cellulose fibrils by treatment of biomass with <i>N</i>-succinylimidazole, achieving regioselective sur ...[more]

PMID: 34617737

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Project description:BackgroundCellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for a broad range of applications. The fibrous nature and high biopersistence of CNFs call for a thorough toxicity assessment, but it is presently unclear which physico-chemical properties could play a role in determining the potential toxic response to CNF. Here, we assessed whether surface composition and size could modulate the genotoxicity of CNFs in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. We examined three size fractions (fine, medium and coarse) of four CNFs with different surface chemistry: unmodified (U-CNF) and functionalized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) (T-CNF), carboxymethyl (C-CNF) and epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC) (E-CNF). In addition, the source fibre was also evaluated as a non-nanosized material.ResultsThe presence of the surface charged groups in the functionalized CNF samples resulted in higher amounts of individual nanofibrils and less aggregation compared with the U-CNF. T-CNF was the most homogenous, in agreement with its high surface group density. However, the colloidal stability of all the CNF samples dropped when dispersed in cell culture medium, especially in the case of T-CNF. CNF was internalized by a minority of BEAS-2B cells. No remarkable cytotoxic effects were induced by any of the cellulosic materials. All cellulosic materials, except the medium fraction of U-CNF, induced a dose-dependent intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The fine fraction of E-CNF, which induced DNA damage (measured by the comet assay) and chromosome damage (measured by the micronucleus assay), and the coarse fraction of C-CNF, which produced chromosome damage, also showed the most effective induction of ROS in their respective size fractions.ConclusionsSurface chemistry and size modulate the in vitro intracellular ROS formation and the induction of genotoxic effects by fibrillated celluloses. One cationic (fine E-CNF) and one anionic (coarse C-CNF) CNF showed primary genotoxic effects, possibly partly through ROS generation. However, the conclusions cannot be generalized to all types of CNFs, as the synthesis process and the dispersion method used for testing affect their physico-chemical properties and, hence, their toxic effects.

Dataset Information

Assembling Native Elementary Cellulose Nanofibrils via a Reversible and Regioselective Surface Functionalization.

Publications

Assembling Native Elementary Cellulose Nanofibrils via a Reversible and Regioselective Surface Functionalization.

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