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Spinal malformations in a naturally isolated Neotropical fish population.

ABSTRACT: Fish populations that reside in completely isolated freshwater ecosystems are rare worldwide. The Vila Velha State Park (VVSP), located in southern Brazil, is recognized for its arenitic formations called sinkholes (furnas), which are completely isolated. Fish populations within, such as those of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus, often develop vertebral malformations due to this isolation from other conspecifics and other species. In this study, we analyzed geometric morphology in digital radiographs to identify congenital deformations of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus in Furna 2 of VVSP. We found many fish with spinal deformities, including wide variation in the number of caudal vertebrae and corporal deformations related to a flattened body and spinal curvature. Females were more affected than males. We also demonstrated that these deformations reflect inbreeding and an absence of gene flow in the population. In conclusion, isolated populations such as fish species in furnas are potential models for evo-devo research.

SUBMITTER: Kerniske FF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8541325 | biostudies-literature | 2021

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Spinal malformations in a naturally isolated Neotropical fish population.

Kerniske Franciele Fernanda FF Pena Castro Jonathan J De la Ossa-Guerra Luz Elena LE Mayer Bruna Angelina BA Abilhoa Vinícius V de Paiva Affonso Igor I Ferreira Artoni Roberto R

PeerJ 20211020

Fish populations that reside in completely isolated freshwater ecosystems are rare worldwide. The Vila Velha State Park (VVSP), located in southern Brazil, is recognized for its arenitic formations called sinkholes (furnas), which are completely isolated. Fish populations within, such as those of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus, often develop vertebral malformations due to this isolation from other conspecifics and other species. In this study, we analyzed geometric morphology in ...[more]

PMID: 34721968

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Project description:Sewage effluents are the main source of entry of Human Pharmaceutical Active Ingredients (HPAIs) to surface water bodies. Carbamazepine (CBZ), psychiatric drug, enalapril (ENA) antihypertensive, and sildenafil (SIL), to treat erectile dysfunction, have been frequently detected in receiving wastewater and in wild fish species from Argentina. This study aimed to assess the bioconcentration of selected HPAIs in native fish species of the Del Plata Basin. In a first trial, the bioconcentration factors of CBZ, ENA, and SIL were obtained by exposing Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, respectively, to 135, 309, and 70 μg/L during 96 h. Then the bioconcentration kinetic of SIL was comparatively assessed in C. decemmaculatus and Piaractus mesopotamicus exposed, respectively, to 44.1 and 16.2 μg/L during a one-week, followed by a four-day depuration phase. HPAIs concentrations in water and tissue were measured by HPLC-MS after 0.22 μm filtration and direct injection or solid-liquid extraction, respectively. Bioconcentration factors obtained empirically (BCFe) for C. decemmaculatus were CBZ = 1.5, SIL = 1.4, and ENA = 0.007. Parameters estimated by the SIL bioconcentration kinetic model for C. decemmaculatus were: uptake rate constant (k1) = 5.5 L/kg d, elimination rate constant during uptake phase (k2u) = 0.00175 d-1, maximum predicted tissue concentration (Ct(max)) = 138588 μg/kg, estimated bioconcentration factor (BCFm) = 3143, lag time between the exposure and the first detection in tissue (tlag) = 0 d, elimination rate constant in the depuration phase (k2d) = 0.49 d-1 and half-life in the tissue (t1/2) = 1.4 d. The model parameters for P. mesopotamicus were k1: 7.3 L/kg d, k2u: 0.0836 d-1, Ct(max): 1423 μg/kg, BCFm: 88, tlag: 3.8 d in the uptake phase and k2d: 0.31 d-1 and t1/2: 2.3 d in the depuration phase. The reached conclusions were: 1) the bioconcentration capacity of CBZ and SIL are similar but around 200 times higher than ENA, 2) the time to reach the bioconcentration equilibrium for SIL is longer than 1 week, then estimated BCFm are between 1 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than BCFe obtained after 96 h exposure, but actual values need to be verified, 3) substantial differences (≈30 fold) were observed in the estimated BCF of SIL among species, indicating the need for further studies toward understanding such diversity to improve HPAIs ecological risk assessment worldwide.

Project description:BackgroundThe megadiverse Neotropical freshwater ichthyofauna is the richest in the world with approximately 6,000 recognized species. Interestingly, they are distributed among only 17 orders, and almost 80% of them belong to only three orders: Characiformes, Siluriformes and Perciformes. Moreover, evidence based on molecular data has shown that most of the diversification of the Neotropical ichthyofauna occurred recently. These characteristics make the taxonomy and identification of this fauna a great challenge, even when using molecular approaches. In this context, the present study aimed to test the effectiveness of the barcoding methodology (COI gene) to identify the mega diverse freshwater fish fauna from the Neotropical region. For this purpose, 254 species of fishes were analyzed from the Upper Parana River basin, an area representative of the larger Neotropical region.ResultsOf the 254 species analyzed, 252 were correctly identified by their barcode sequences (99.2%). The main K2P intra- and inter-specific genetic divergence values (0.3% and 6.8%, respectively) were relatively low compared with similar values reported in the literature, reflecting the higher number of closely related species belonging to a few higher taxa and their recent radiation. Moreover, for 84 pairs of species that showed low levels of genetic divergence (<2%), application of a complementary character-based nucleotide diagnostic approach proved useful in discriminating them. Additionally, 14 species displayed high intra-specific genetic divergence (>2%), pointing to at least 23 strong candidates for new species.ConclusionsOur study is the first to examine a large number of freshwater fish species from the Neotropical area, including a large number of closely related species. The results confirmed the efficacy of the barcoding methodology to identify a recently radiated, megadiverse fauna, discriminating 99.2% of the analyzed species. The power of the barcode sequences to identify species, even with low interspecific divergence, gives us an idea of the distribution of inter-specific genetic divergence in these megadiverse fauna. The results also revealed hidden genetic divergences suggestive of reproductive isolation and putative cryptic speciation in some species (23 candidates for new species). Finally, our study constituted an important contribution to the international Barcoding of Life (iBOL.org) project, providing barcode sequences for use in identification of these species by experts and non-experts, and allowing them to be available for use in other applications.

Dataset Information

Spinal malformations in a naturally isolated Neotropical fish population.

Publications

Spinal malformations in a naturally isolated Neotropical fish population.

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