Effects of COVID-19 on school enrollment
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Chatterji P
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8546911 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:COVID-19 related school closures in Kenya were among the longest in Africa, putting older adolescent girls nearing the end of secondary school at risk of permanent dropout. Using a randomized-controlled trial we evaluated a logistically simple cash transfer intervention in urban areas designed to promote their return to school. There were no required conditions for receiving the transfer and the intervention is interpreted as a labeled cash transfer. It had substantial significant effects on re-enrollment of adolescent girls, with greater effectiveness for older girls and even for some not enrolled earlier in the school year. The program effectiveness demonstrates feasibility of the approach and underscores the potential importance of additional resources for schooling during the pandemic, when a large majority of households had suffered income losses.
| S-EPMC10266500 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Dexamethasone improves the survival of COVID-19 patients in need of supplemental oxygen therapy. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients eligible for dexamethasone therapy were recruited from the general care ward in several centers in Greece and the Netherlands and whole blood transcriptomic analysis was performed before and after starting dexamethasone treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients and stimulated with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 ex vivo in the presence or absence of dexamethasone and their transcriptome was assessed.
2023-07-26 | GSE227585 | GEO
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC8100862 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-BSST563 | biostudies-other
Project description:ImportanceCOVID-19 relief legislation created a temporary moratorium on Medicaid disenrollment, but when the public health emergency ends, states will begin to "unwind" Medicaid enrollment. Prepandemic data shed light on factors that can affect Medicaid coverage stability.ObjectiveTo assess factors associated with the duration and continuity of Medicaid enrollment.Design, setting, and participantsIn this cross-sectional analyses of a Medicaid data set for 2016 that was released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in June of 2022, we analyze a nationally representative data set of 5.7 million persons, weighted to represent 70 million Medicaid beneficiaries in 2016. We focus on 22 million nondisabled, nonelderly adults for this analysis. The data were analyzed between July and September of 2022.Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcomes were the average months of Medicaid enrollment in 2016 and the probability of churning, defined as a break in coverage between 2 periods of enrollment during the calendar year. We compared these outcomes by eligibility category, state, demographic characteristics, and key Medicaid policies, including whether the state expanded Medicaid and whether it used ex parte reviews (automated reviews of other administrative data to reduce renewal paperwork burdens).ResultsIn this cross-sectional analysis, we analyze a nationally representative Medicaid data set of 5.7 million persons, weighted to represent 70 million Medicaid beneficiaries in 2016, released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in June of 2022. The analysis focused on nonelderly, nondisabled adults (aged 18-64 years) with a weighted population size of 22.7 million, of which 18.4% were Black, 19.2% were Latino, 39.5% were White, 7.3% were other/Asian/Native American, and 15.5% had unknown race. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that those living in states that expanded Medicaid but did not use ex parte reviews had longer average duration (0.31 months longer; 95% CI, 0.03-0.59) and lower risk of churning(odds ratio [OR], .40; 95% CI, 0.39-0.40), whereas those living in nonexpansion states that used ex parte reviews had lower odds of churning (OR, .68; 95% CI, 0.66-0.70) but also had shorter average duration (3.1 months shorter; 95% CI, -3.4 to -2.8). Those living in expansion states that used ex parte reviews also had reduced churning (OR, .83; 95% CI, 0.82-0.85). The average duration varied widely by state, even after adjustments for demographic and state policy factors.Conclusions and relevanceIf state Medicaid programs revert to prepandemic policies after the temporary moratorium ends, Medicaid coverage, particularly for nondisabled, nonelderly adults, is likely to become less stable again. Medicaid expansions are associated with improved continuity, but ex parte review may have a more complex role.
| S-EPMC9856506 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We show that school closures reduced COVID-19 incidence rates in children by 31%-46% in Hong Kong in 2022. After school reopening accompanied by mask mandates, daily rapid testing, and vaccination requirements, school-reported cases correlated with community incidence rates. Safe school reopening is possible when appropriate preventive measures are used.
| S-EPMC10461670 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Using a panel of United States counties, this study compares outcomes before and during the 2020-2021 school year between locations that started K-12 instruction on campus, remotely, or through a hybrid approach. Corroborating recent studies, we find comparatively larger increases of COVID-19 cases and deaths in locations using any in-person instruction. Within the same empirical framework, we present robust new evidence that employment was unaffected by this choice, even in counties with more vulnerable populations. We posit that opening schools did not improve employment due to policy uncertainty, supported by the fact that one-quarter of schools changed teaching methods mid-year.
| S-EPMC8809662 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundVaccine clinical trials should strive to recruit a racially, socioeconomically, and ethnically diverse range of participants to ensure appropriate representation that matches population characteristics. Yet, full inclusion in research is often limited.MethodsA single-center retrospective study was conducted of adults enrolled at Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) between July 2020 and December 2021. Demographic characteristics, including age, race, ethnicity, ZIP code, and sex assigned at birth, were analyzed from both HIV and COVID-19 vaccine trials during the study period, acknowledging the limitations to representation under these parameters. We compared the educational attainment of vaccine trial participants to residents of the Massachusetts metropolitan area, geocoded participants' addresses to their census block group, and linked them to reported median household income levels from publicly available data for 2020. Frequency and quartile analyses were carried out, and spatial analyses were performed using ArcGIS Online web-based mapping software (Esri).ResultsA total of 1030 participants from four COVID-19 vaccine trials (n = 916 participants) and six HIV vaccine trials (n = 114 participants) were included in the analysis. The median age was 49 years (IQR 33-63) and 28 years (IQR 24-34) for the COVID-19 and HIV vaccine trials, respectively. Participants identifying as White were the majority group represented for both the COVID-19 (n = 598, 65.3%) and HIV vaccine trials (n = 83, 72.8%). Fewer than 25% of participants identified as Hispanic or Latin. Based on ZIP code of residence, the median household income for COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial participants (n = 846) was 102,088 USD (IQR = 81,442-126,094). For HIV vaccine clinical trial participants (n = 109), the median household income was 101,266 USD (IQR 75,052-108,832).ConclusionWe described the characteristics of participants enrolled for HIV and COVID-19 vaccine trials at a single center and found similitude in geographical distribution, median incomes, and proportion of underrepresented individuals between the two types of vaccine candidate trials. Further outreach efforts are needed to ensure the inclusion of individuals from lower educational and socioeconomic brackets. In addition, continued and sustained efforts are necessary to ensure inclusion of individuals from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds.
| S-EPMC11311253 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionControlled clinical trials (CCTs) have traditionally been limited to urban academic clinical centers. Implementation of CCTs in rural setting is challenged by lack of resources, the inexperience of patient care team members in CCT conductance and workflow interruption, and global inexperience with remote data monitoring.MethodsWe report our experience during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in activating through remote monitoring a multicenter clinical trial (the Study of Efficacy and Safety of Canakinumab Treatment for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in Participants with COVID-19-induced Pneumonia [CAN-COVID] trial, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04362813) at a rural satellite hospital, the VCU Health Community Memorial Hospital (VCU-CMH) in South Hill, VA, that is part of the larger VCU Health network, with the lead institution being VCU Health Medical College of Virginia Hospital (VCU-MCV), Richmond, VA. We used the local resources at the facility and remote guidance and oversight from the VCU-MCV resources using a closed-loop communication network. Investigational pharmacy, pathology, and nursing were essential to operate the work in coordination with the lead institution.ResultsFifty-one patients with COVID-19 were enrolled from May to August 2020, 35 (69%) at VCU-MCV, and 16 (31%) at VCU-CMH. Among the patients enrolled at VCU-CMH, 37.5% were female, 62.5% Black, and had a median age of 60 (interquartile range 56-68) years.ConclusionLocal decentralization of this trial in our experience gave rural patients access to a novel treatment and also accelerated enrollment and more diverse participants' representative of the target population.
| S-EPMC8327540 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The COVID-19 pandemic has caused tremendous disruptions to non-COVID-19 clinical research. However, there has been little investigation on how patients themselves have responded to clinical trial recruitment during the COVID-19 pandemic. To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on rates of patient consent to enrollment into non-COVID-19 clinical trials, we carried out a cross-sectional study using data from the Nitric Oxide/Acute Kidney Injury (NO/AKI) and Minimizing ICU Neurological Dysfunction with Dexmedetomidine-Induced Sleep (MINDDS) trials. All patients eligible for the NO/AKI or MINDDS trials who came to the hospital for cardiac surgery and were approached to gain consent to enrollment were included in the current study. We defined "Before COVID-19" as the time between the start of the relevant clinical trial and the date when efforts toward that clinical trial were deescalated by the hospital due to COVID-19. We defined "During COVID-19" as the time between trial de-escalation and trial completion. 5,015 patients were screened for eligibility. 3,851 were excluded, and 1,434 were approached to gain consent to enrollment. The rate of consent to enrollment was 64% in the "Before COVID-19" group and 45% in the "During COVID-19" group (n = 1,334, P<0.001) (RR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.80, P<0.001). Thus, we found that rates of consent to enrollment into the NO/AKI and MINDDS trials dropped significantly with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient demographic and socioeconomic status data collected from electronic medical records and patient survey data did not shed light on possible explanations for this observed drop, indicating that there were likely other factors at play that were not directly measured in the current study. Increased patient hesitancy to enroll in clinical trials can have detrimental effects on clinical science, patient health, and patient healthcare experience, so understanding and addressing this issue during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial.
| S-EPMC9844839 | biostudies-literature