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Interactive effects of light, CO2 and temperature on growth and resource partitioning by the mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Karlodinium veneficum

ABSTRACT: There is little information on the impacts of climate change on resource partitioning for mixotrophic phytoplankton. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that light interacts with temperature and CO2 to affect changes in growth and cellular carbon and nitrogen content of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Karlodinium veneficum, with increasing cellular carbon and nitrogen content under low light conditions and increased growth under high light conditions. Using a multifactorial design, the interactive effects of light, temperature and CO2 were investigated on K. veneficum at ambient temperature and CO2 levels (25°C, 375 ppm), high temperature (30°C, 375 ppm CO2), high CO2 (30°C, 750 ppm CO2), or a combination of both high temperature and CO2 (30°C, 750 ppm CO2) at low light intensities (LL: 70 μmol photons m-2 s-2) and light-saturated conditions (HL: 140 μmol photons m-2 s-2). Results revealed significant interactions between light and temperature for all parameters. Growth rates were not significantly different among LL treatments, but increased significantly with temperature or a combination of elevated temperature and CO2 under HL compared to ambient conditions. Particulate carbon and nitrogen content increased in response to temperature or a combination of elevated temperature and CO2 under LL conditions, but significantly decreased in HL cultures exposed to elevated temperature and/or CO2 compared to ambient conditions at HL. Significant increases in C:N ratios were observed only in the combined treatment under LL, suggesting a synergistic effect of temperature and CO2 on carbon assimilation, while increases in C:N under HL were driven only by an increase in CO2. Results indicate light-driven variations in growth and nutrient acquisition strategies for K. veneficum that may benefit this species under anticipated climate change conditions (elevated light, temperature and pCO2) while also affecting trophic transfer efficiency during blooms of this species.

SUBMITTER: Coyne K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8550395 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Identification of a core microbiome (a group of taxa commonly present and consistently abundant in most samples of host populations) is important to capture the key microbes closely associated with a host population, as this process may potentially contribute to further revealing their spatial distribution, temporal stability, ecological influence, and even impacts on their host's functions and fitness. The naked dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum is a cosmopolitan and toxic species, which is also notorious in forming harmful algal blooms (HABs) and causing massive fish-kills. Here we reported the core microbiome tightly associated with 19 strains of K. veneficum that were originally isolated from 6 geographic locations along the coast of China and from an estuary of Chesapeake Bay, United States, and have been maintained in the laboratory for several months to over 14 years. Using high-throughput metabarcoding of the partial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, a total of 1,417 prokaryotic features were detected in the entire bacterial microbiome, which were assigned to 17 phyla, 35 classes, 90 orders, 273 families, and 716 genera. Although the bacterial communities associated with K. veneficum cultures displayed heterogeneity in feature (sequences clustered at 100% sequence similarity) composition among strains, a core set of 6 genera were found persistent in their phycospheres, which could contribute up to 74.54% of the whole bacterial microbiome. Three γ-proteobacteria members of the "core," namely, Alteromonas, Marinobacter, and Methylophaga, were the predominant core genera and made up 83.25% of the core bacterial microbiome. The other 3 core genera, Alcanivorax, Thalassospira, and Ponticoccus, are reported to preferably utilize hydrocarbons as sole or major source of carbon and energy, and two of which (Alcanivorax and Ponticoccus) are recognized as obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OHCB). Since OHCB generally present in extremely low abundance in marine water and elevate their abundance mostly in petroleum-impacted water, our detection in K. veneficum cultures suggests that the occurrence of obligate and generalist hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria living with dinoflagellates may be more frequent in nature. Our work identified a core microbiome with stable association with the harmful alga K. veneficum and opened a window for further characterization of the physiological mechanisms and ecological implications for the dinoflagellate-bacteria association.

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Interactive effects of light, CO2 and temperature on growth and resource partitioning by the mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Karlodinium veneficum

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