Low-Phytotoxic Deep Eutectic Systems as Alternative Extraction Media for the Recovery of Chitin from Brown Crab Shells
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Rodrigues L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8567356 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:In recent years a high demand for natural ingredients with nutraceutical properties has been witnessed, for which the development of more environmentally-friendly and cost-efficient extraction solvents and methods play a primary role. In this perspective, in this work, the application of deep eutectic solvents (DES), composed of quaternary ammonium salts and organic acids, as alternative solvents for the extraction of cynaropicrin from Cynara cardunculus L. leaves was studied. After selecting the most promising DES, their aqueous solutions were investigated, allowing to obtain a maximum cynaropicrin extraction yield of 6.20 wt %, using 70 wt % of water. The sustainability of the extraction process was further optimized by carrying out several extraction cycles, reusing either the biomass or the aqueous solutions of DES. A maximum cynaropicrin extraction yield of 7.76 wt % by reusing the solvent, and of 8.96 wt % by reusing the biomass, have been obtained. Taking advantage of the cynaropicrin solubility limit in aqueous solutions, water was added as an anti-solvent, allowing to recover 73.6 wt % of the extracted cynaropicrin. This work demonstrates the potential of aqueous solutions of DES for the extraction of value-added compounds from biomass and the possible recovery of both the target compounds and solvents.
| S-EPMC5713246 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A protein/CaCO?/chitin nanofiber complex was prepared from crab shells by a simple mechanical treatment with a high-pressure water-jet (HPWJ) system. The preparation process did not involve chemical treatments, such as removal of protein and calcium carbonate with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, respectively. Thus, it was economically and environmentally friendly. The nanofibers obtained had uniform width and dispersed homogeneously in water. Nanofibers were characterized in morphology, transparency, and viscosity. Results indicated that the shell was mostly disintegrated into nanofibers at above five cycles of the HPWJ system. The chemical structure of the nanofiber was maintained even after extensive mechanical treatments. Subsequently, the nanofiber complex was found to improve the growth of tomatoes in a hydroponics system, suggesting the mechanical treatments efficiently released minerals into the system. The homogeneous dispersion of the nanofiber complex enabled easier application as a fertilizer compared to the crab shell flakes.
| S-EPMC5085633 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A deep eutectic solvent (DES) derived from ferric chloride hexahydrate and betaine chloride (molar ratio of 1:1) was used as hydrolytic media for production of chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) with a high yield (up to 88.5%). The synergistic effect of Lewis acid and released Brønsted acid from betaine hydrochloride enabled the efficient hydrolysis of chitin for production of ChNCs coupled with ultrasonication with low energy consumption. The obtained ChNCs were with an average diameter of 10 nm and length of 268 nm, and a crystallinity of 89.2% with optimal synthesis conditions (at 100 °C for 1 h with chitin-to-DES mass ratio of 1:20). The ChNCs were further investigated as efficient emulsion stabilizers, and they resulted in stable o/w emulsions even at a high oil content of 50% with a low ChNC dosage of 1 mg/g. Therefore, a potential approach based on a DES on the production of chitin-based nanoparticles as emulsifiers is introduced.
| S-EPMC7279284 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This article reports a successful removal of CaCO3 from snail and periwinkle shells for the purpose of producing high quality chitin for possible application as bio-fillers in bone fixation materials. Experiment was designed with varying concentrations of acid and alkali for demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation of the samples. Thermal characteristics, morphology, degree of de-acetylation, crystalline structure and hydrogen bonding characteristics of the extracted chitin were examined. Infra-red spectra, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction patterns show that demineralization with 1.7 M HCl led to a successful removal of CaCO3. Subsequent deproteinization and deacetylation with 1.2 M NaOH led to a development of chitosan having a degree of deacetylation of 77 and 60% for periwinkle and snail shells, respectively. Generally, all results show that different treatments led to different chitin structure and consequently different properties.
| S-EPMC5597570 | biostudies-literature
Project description:An unprecedented, environmentally friendly, and faster method for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) (a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium and largely widespread in nature, in wheat and derived products) has, for the first time, been set up and validated using choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) (e.g., ChCl/glycerol (1:2) and ChCl/ urea (1:2) up to 40% (w/w) water) as privileged, green, and biodegradable extraction solvents. This also reduces worker exposure to toxic chemicals. Results are comparable to those obtained using conventional, hazardous and volatile organic solvents (VOCs) typical of the standard and official methods. OTA recovery from spiked durum wheat samples, in particular, was to up to 89% versus 93% using the traditional acetonitrile-water mixture with a repeatability of the results (RSDr) of 7%. Compatibility of the DES mixture with the antibodies of the immunoaffinity column was excellent as it was able to retain up to 96% of the OTA. Recovery and repeatability for durum wheat, bread crumbs, and biscuits proved to be within the specifications required by the current European Commission (EC) regulation. Good results in terms of accuracy and precision were achieved with mean recoveries between 70% (durum wheat) and 88% (bread crumbs) and an RSDr between 2% (biscuits) and 7% (bread).
| S-EPMC6155845 | biostudies-other
Project description:Environmentally friendly natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been shown to efficiently extract a wide range of phenolic compounds from virgin olive oil (VOO). The objective of this work was to optimize the yield of olive oil phenols extracted by NADES based on xylitol/choline choride (Xyl/ChCl). Different extraction and recovery conditions were investigated, including the effect of different extraction operating parameters (temperature, time, VOO:NADES ratio) and subsequent recovery conditions (XAD resin height, wash-water and eluent volume and pH). The highest concentration of phenols (555.36 mg/kg VOO) was obtained from extraction at 40 °C for 1 h, with a 1:1 ratio, using an adsorption resin XAD-16 with bed height of 10 cm, 250 mL acidified wash-water and 300 mL EtOH 100% as eluent. No statistically significant loss of the sum of phenolic compounds was observed when compared with the concentration values obtained by direct analysis in HPLC without the elimination of NADES. Additionally, a sequential desorption with different concentration of ethanol was used to determine the effect of the solvent concentration on polyphenol yield. Polar compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, were recovered at 81.7% and 83.6%, respectively with 50 and 80% ethanol; however, 100% ethanol was required for the complete elution of oleacein (3,4-DHPEA-EDA) and oleocanthal (p-HPEA-EDA). In this paper we present an effective process for the extraction of polyphenols from VOO by NADES for direct analysis in HPLC and for the recovery and concentration of polyphenols by removing the solvent (NADES) with no losses of yield and solvent recycling.
| S-EPMC7847883 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Biodegradation of lobster shells by chitinolytic microorganisms are an environment safe approach to utilize lobster processing wastes for chitin derivation. In this study, we report degradation activities of two microbes, "S223" and "S224" isolated from soil samples that had the highest rate of deproteinization, demineralization and chitinolysis among ten microorganisms screened. Isolates S223 and S224 had 27.3 and 103.8 protease units mg-1 protein and 12.3 and 11.2 ?g ml-1 of calcium in their samples, respectively, after 1 week of incubation with raw lobster shells. Further, S223 contained 23.8 ?g ml-1 of N-Acetylglucosamine on day 3, while S224 had 27.3 ?g ml-1 on day 7 of incubation with chitin. Morphological observations and 16S rDNA sequencing suggested both the isolates were Streptomyces. The culture conditions were optimized for efficient degradation of lobster shells and chitinase (?30 kDa) was purified from crude extract by affinity chromatography. The digested lobster shell extracts induced disease resistance in Arabidopsis by induction of defense related genes (PR1 > 500-fold, PDF1.2 > 40-fold) upon Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea infection. The study suggests that soil microbes aid in sustainable bioconversion of lobster shells and extraction of chitin derivatives that could be applied in plant protection.
| S-EPMC5418339 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chitin is the most abundant marine biopolymer, being recovered during the shell biorefining of crustacean shell waste. In its native form, chitin displays a poor reactivity and solubility in most solvents due to its extensive hydrogen bonding. This can be overcome by deacetylation. However, this process requires a high concentration of acids or bases at high temperatures, forming large amounts of toxic waste. Herein, we report on the first deacetylation with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an environmentally friendly alternative, requiring only mild reaction conditions. Biocompatible DESs are efficient in disturbing the native hydrogen-bonding network of chitin, readily dissolving it. First, quantum chemical calculations have been performed to evaluate the feasibility of different DESs to perform chitin deacetylation by studying their mechanism. Comparing these with the calculated barriers for garden-variety alkaline/acidic hydrolysis, which are known to proceed, prospective DESs were identified with barriers around 25 kcal·mol-1 or lower. Based on density functional theory results, an experimental screening of 10 distinct DESs for chitin deacetylation followed. The most promising DESs were identified as K2CO3:glycerol (K2CO3:G), choline chloride:acetic acid ([Ch]Cl:AA), and choline chloride:malic acid ([Ch]Cl:MA) and were subjected to further optimization with respect to the water content, process duration, and temperature. Ultimately, [Ch]Cl:MA showed the best results, yielding a degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 40% after 24 h of reaction at 120 °C, which falls slightly behind the threshold value (50%) for chitin to be considered chitosan. Further quantum chemical calculations were performed to elucidate the mechanism. Upon the removal of 40% N-acetyl groups from the chitin structure, its reactivity was considerably improved.
| S-EPMC8025712 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chitin, being the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose, has been gaining popularity since its initial discovery by Braconot in 1811. However, fundamental knowledge and literature on chitin and its derivatives from insects are difficult to obtain. The most common and sought-after sources of chitin are shellfish (especially crustaceans) and other aquatic invertebrates. The amount of shellfish available is obviously restricted by the amount of food waste that is allowed; hence, it is a limited resource. Therefore, insects are the best choices since, out of 1.3 million species in the world, 900,000 are insects, making them the most abundant species in the world. In this review, a total of 82 samples from shellfish-crustaceans and mollusks (n = 46), insects (n = 23), and others (n = 13)-have been collected and studied for their chemical extraction of chitin and its derivatives. The aim of this paper is to review the extraction method of chitin and chitosan for a comparison of the optimal demineralization and deproteinization processes, with a consideration of insects as alternative sources of chitin. The methods employed in this review are based on comprehensive bibliographic research. Based on previous data, the chitin and chitosan contents of insects in past studies favorably compare and compete with those of commercial chitin and chitosan-for example, 45% in Bombyx eri, 36.6% in Periostracum cicadae (cicada sloughs), and 26.2% in Chyrysomya megacephala. Therefore, according to the data reported by previous researchers, demonstrating comparable yield values to those of crustacean chitin and the great interest in insects as alternative sources, efforts towards comprehensive knowledge in this field are relevant.
| S-EPMC7404258 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A new, natural, hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (NADES) based on DL-menthol and palmitic acid is adopted for the extraction of alcohols from aqueous phase. DL-menthol is used as a hydrogen bond acceptor and palmitic acid, being a natural organic acid, as a hydrogen bond donor. The synthesis is carried out by the addition of DL-menthol and palmitic acid in a defined molar ratio. Physical properties of NADES along with water stability are then measured. Liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) of lower alcohols, namely, DES (1) + lower alcohols (ethanol/1-propanol/1-butanol) (2) + water (3) are carried out at p = 1 atm and T = 298.15 K. LLE results show type-I phase behavior, where alcohol is preferentially attracted toward DES. The tie lines are then regressed via nonrandom two liquid and universal quasichemical models, which give root mean square deviation (RMSD) in the range of 0.29-0.35% and 0.39-0.75%, respectively. Finally, the quantum-chemical-based conductor-like screening model-segment activity coefficient is used to predict the tie lines, which gives an RMSD of 2.1-5.2%. A hybrid extractive distillation flowsheet is then used for scale up, process economics, and solvent recovery aspects in ASPEN using DES as a "pseudocomponent."
| S-EPMC6827721 | biostudies-literature