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Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Strains Facilitate Cd²⁺ Enrichment in a Woody Hyperaccumulator under Co-Existing Stress of Cadmium and Salt.

ABSTRACT: Cadmium (Cd²⁺) pollution occurring in salt-affected soils has become an increasing environmental concern in the world. Fast-growing poplars have been widely utilized for phytoremediation of soil contaminating heavy metals (HMs). However, the woody Cd²⁺-hyperaccumulator, Populus × canescens, is relatively salt-sensitive and therefore cannot be directly used to remediate HMs from salt-affected soils. The aim of the present study was to testify whether colonization of P. × canescens with ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, a strategy known to enhance salt tolerance, provides an opportunity for affordable remediation of Cd²⁺-polluted saline soils. Ectomycorrhization with Paxillus involutus strains facilitated Cd²⁺ enrichment in P. × canescens upon CdCl₂ exposures (50 μM, 30 min to 24 h). The fungus-stimulated Cd²⁺ in roots was significantly restricted by inhibitors of plasmalemma H⁺-ATPases and Ca²⁺-permeable channels (CaPCs), but stimulated by an activator of plasmalemma H⁺-ATPases. NaCl (100 mM) lowered the transient and steady-state Cd²⁺ influx in roots and fungal mycelia. Noteworthy, P. involutus colonization partly reverted the salt suppression of Cd²⁺ uptake in poplar roots. EM fungus colonization upregulated transcription of plasmalemma H⁺-ATPases (PcHA4, 8, 11) and annexins (PcANN1, 2, 4), which might mediate Cd²⁺ conductance through CaPCs. EM roots retained relatively highly expressed PcHAs and PcANNs, thus facilitating Cd²⁺ enrichment under co-occurring stress of cadmium and salinity. We conclude that ectomycorrhization of woody hyperaccumulator species such as poplar could improve phytoremediation of Cd²⁺ in salt-affected areas.

SUBMITTER: Deng C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8583747 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Global changes, such as increased temperatures and elevated CO2, are driving shifts in plant species distribution and dominance, like woody plant encroachment into grasslands. Local factors within these ecotones can influence the rate of regime shifts. Woody encroachment is occurring worldwide, though there has been limited research within coastal systems, where mangrove (woody shrub/tree) stands are expanding into salt marsh areas. Because coastal systems are exposed to various degrees of nutrient input, we investigated how nutrient enrichment may locally impact mangrove stand expansion and salt marsh displacement over time. We fertilized naturally co-occurring Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) and Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) stands in Port Aransas, TX, an area experiencing mangrove encroachment within the Northern Gulf of Mexico mangrove-marsh ecotone. After four growing seasons (2010-2013) of continuous fertilization, Avicennia was more positively influenced by nutrient enrichment than Spartina. Most notably, fertilized plots had a higher density of taller (> 0.5 m) mangroves and mangrove maximum height was 46% taller than in control plots. Fertilization may promote an increase in mangrove stand expansion within the mangrove-marsh ecotone by shifting Avicennia height distribution. Avicennia individuals, which reach certain species-specific height thresholds, have reduced negative neighbor effects and have higher resilience to freezing temperatures, which may increase mangrove competitive advantage over marsh grass. Therefore, we propose that nutrient enrichment, which augments mangrove height, could act locally as a positive feedback to mangrove encroachment, by reducing mangrove growth suppression factors, thereby accelerating the rates of increased mangrove coverage and subsequent marsh displacement. Areas within the mangrove-marsh ecotone with high anthropogenic nutrient input may be at increased risk of a regime shift from grass to woody dominated ecosystems.

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Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Strains Facilitate Cd²⁺ Enrichment in a Woody Hyperaccumulator under Co-Existing Stress of Cadmium and Salt.

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Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Strains Facilitate Cd2+ Enrichment in a Woody Hyperaccumulator under Co-Existing Stress of Cadmium and Salt.

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Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Strains Facilitate Cd²⁺ Enrichment in a Woody Hyperaccumulator under Co-Existing Stress of Cadmium and Salt.