Opposite Effects Induced by Cholinium-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in the Formation of Aqueous Biphasic Systems Comprising Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Polyacrylate
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SUBMITTER: Bernardo S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8587793 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Background:The use of antibodies, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), has faced a significant growth in the past decades for biomedical and research purposes. However, antibodies are high cost biopharmaceuticals, for which the development of alternative and cost-effective purification strategies is still in high demand. Results:Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and cholinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated for the separation of IgG. The ABS phase diagrams were determined and characterized whenever required. Initial optimization studies with commercial IgG were carried out, followed by the extraction of IgG from rabbit serum. In all ABS, IgG preferentially partitions to the IL-rich phase, unveiling preferential interactions between IgG and ILs. Good results were obtained with commercial IgG, with extraction efficiencies ranging between 93% and 100%, and recovery yields ranging between 20% and 100%. Two of the best and two of the worst identified ABS were then evaluated in what concerns their performance to separate and recover IgG from rabbit serum. With these ABS, extraction efficiencies of 100% and recovery yields > 80% were obtained, indicating an increase in the recovery yield and extraction efficiencies when using real matrices. Under the best conditions studied, IgG with a purity level of 49% was obtained in a single-step. This purity level of IgG is higher than those previously reported using other IL-polymer ABS. Conclusion:IgG preferentially migrates to the IL-rich phase in ABS formed by ILs and polymers, allowing the design of effective separation systems for its recovery from serum samples.
| S-EPMC6161813 | biostudies-literature
Project description:An extensive study on the formation of aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) using aqueous solutions of protic ionic liquids (PILs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was performed in order to understand the mechanisms underlying the phase separation. Aqueous solutions of PEG polymers with different molecular weights (600, 1000, 2000, and 3400 g mol-1) and several N-alkyl-, dialkyl-, and trialkyl-ammonium salts of acetate, propanoate, butanoate, hexanoate and octanoate were prepared and their ability to form ABS at several temperatures assessed. The ternary liquid-liquid phase diagrams were determined at several temperatures, as well as binary PIL (or salt)-PEG-1000 and salt-water solubility data to better clarify the mechanisms responsible for the phase separation. All data gathered indicate that the formation of PEG-PIL-based ABS is mainly governed by the PIL-PEG mutual interactions, where PILs with a higher solubility in the polymer exhibit a lower aptitude to form ABS displaying thus a smaller biphasic region, for which a direct correlation was identified. The effects of the molecular weight and temperature of the polymer were also addressed. The increase of the PEG hydrophobicity or molecular weight favours the phase separation, whereas the effect of temperature was found to be more complex and dependent on the nature of the PIL, with an increase or decrease of the biphasic regime with an increase in temperature.
| S-EPMC5325265 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The formation of aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) when mixing aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and an ionic liquid (IL) can be controlled by modifying the hydrogen-bond-donating/-accepting ability of the polymer end groups. It is shown that the miscibility/immiscibility in these systems stems from both the solvation of the ether groups in the oxygen chain and the ability of the PEG terminal groups to preferably hydrogen bond with water or the anion of the salt. The removal of even one hydrogen bond in PEG can noticeably affect the phase behavior, especially in the region of the phase diagram in which all the ethylene oxide (EO) units of the polymeric chain are completely solvated. In this region, removing or weakening the hydrogen-bond-donating ability of PEG results in greater immiscibility, and thus, in a higher ability to form ABS, as a result of the much weaker interactions between the IL anion and the PEG end groups.
| S-EPMC5325288 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The food industry produces significant amounts of waste, many of them rich in valuable compounds that could be recovered and reused in the framework of circular economy. The development of sustainable and cost-effective technologies to recover these value added compounds will contribute to a significant decrease of the environmental footprint and economic burden of this industry sector. Accordingly, in this work, aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of cholinium-derived bistriflimide ionic liquids (ILs) and carbohydrates were investigated as an alternative process to simultaneously separate and recover antioxidants and carbohydrates from food waste. Aiming at improving the biocompatible character of the studied ILs and proposed process, cholinium-derived bistriflimide ILs were chosen, which were properly designed by playing with the cation alkyl side chain and the number of functional groups attached to the cation to be able to create ABS with carbohydrates. These ILs were characterized by cytotoxicity assays toward human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cell line), demonstrating to have a significantly lower toxicity than other well-known and commonly used fluorinated ILs. The capability of these ILs to form ABS with a series of carbohydrates, namely monosaccharides, disaccharides and polyols, was then appraised by the determination of the respective ternary liquid-liquid phase diagrams at 25°C. The studied ABS were finally used to separate carbohydrates and antioxidants from real food waste samples, using an expired vanilla pudding as an example. With the studied systems, the separation of the two products occurs in one-step, where carbohydrates are enriched in the carbohydrate-rich phase and antioxidants are mainly present in the IL-rich phase. Extraction efficiencies of carbohydrates ranging between 89 and 92% to the carbohydrate-rich phase, and antioxidant relative activities ranging between 65 and 75% in the IL-rich phase were obtained. Furthermore, antioxidants from the IL-rich phase were recovered by solid-phase extraction, and the IL was recycled for two more times with no losses on the ABS separation performance. Overall, the obtained results show that the investigated ABS are promising platforms to simultaneously separate carbohydrates and antioxidants from real food waste samples, and could be used in further related applications foreseeing industrial food waste valorization.
| S-EPMC6610481 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:The long-term efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in constipated children are unknown, and a head-to-head comparison of the different PEG formulations is lacking. We aimed to investigate noninferiority of PEG3350 with electrolytes (PEG3350?+?E) compared to PEG4000 without electrolytes (PEG4000). METHODS:In this double-blind trial, children aged 0.5 to 16 years with constipation, defined as a defecation frequency of <3 times per week, were randomized to receive either PEG3350?+?E or PEG4000. Primary outcomes were change in total sum score (TSS) at week 52 compared to baseline, and dose range determination. TSS was the sum of the severity of 5 constipation symptoms rated on a 4-point scale (0-3). Noninferiority margin was a difference in TSS of ?1.5 based on a 95%-confidence interval [CI]. Treatment success was defined as a defecation frequency of ?3 per week with <1 episode of fecal incontinence. RESULTS:Ninety-seven subjects were included, of whom 82 completed the study. Mean reduction in TSS was -3.81 (95% CI: -4.96 to -2.65) and -3.74 (95%CI: -5.08 to -2.40), for PEG3350?+?E and PEG4000, respectively. Noninferiority criteria were not met (maximum difference between groups: -1.81 to 1.68). Daily sachet use was: 0 to 2 years: 0.4 to 2.3 and 0.9 to 2.1; 2 to 4 years: 0.1 to 3.5 and 1.2 to 3.2; 4 to 8 years: 1.1 to 2.8 and 0.7 to 3.8; 8 to 16 years 0.6 to 3.7 and 1.0 to 3.7, in PEG3350?+?E and PEG4000, respectively. Treatment success after 52 weeks was achieved in 50% and 45% of children, respectively (P?=?0.69). Rates of adverse events were similar between groups, and no drug-related serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS:Noninferiority regarding long-term constipation-related symptoms of PEG3350?+?E compared to PEG4000 was not demonstrated. However, analysis of secondary outcomes suggests similar efficacy and safety of these agents.
| S-EPMC5753830 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Novel ternary phase diagrams of aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 400 g mol(-1) (PPG-400) and a vast number of ionic liquids (ILs) were determined. The large array of selected ILs allowed us to evaluate their tuneable structural features, namely the effect of the anion nature, cation core and cation alkyl side chain length on the phase behaviour. Additional evidence on the molecular-level mechanisms which rule the phase splitting was obtained by (1)H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy and by COSMO-RS (Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents). Some systems, for which the IL-PPG-400 pairs are completely miscible, revealed to be of type "0". All data collected suggest that the formation of PPG-IL-based ABSs is controlled by the interactions established between the IL and PPG, contrarily to previous reports where a "salting-out" phenomenon exerted by the IL over the polymer in aqueous media was proposed as the dominant effect in ABS formation. The influence of temperature on the liquid-liquid demixing was also evaluated. In general, an increase in temperature favours the formation of an ABS in agreement with the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behaviour usually observed in polymer-IL binary mixtures. Partition results of a dye (chloroanilic acid, in its neutral form) further confirm the possibility of tailoring the phases' polarities of IL-PPG-based ABSs.
| S-EPMC5034898 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The ability to induce reversible phase transitions between homogeneous solutions and biphasic liquid-liquid systems, at pre-defined and suitable operating temperatures, is of crucial relevance in the design of separation processes. Ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems (IL-based ABS) have demonstrated superior performance as alternative extraction platforms, and their thermoreversible behaviour is here disclosed by the use of protic ILs. The applicability of the temperature-induced phase switching is further demonstrated with the complete extraction of two value-added proteins, achieved in a single-step. It is shown that these temperature-induced mono(bi)phasic systems are significantly more versatile than classical liquid-liquid systems which are constrained by their critical temperatures. IL-based ABS allow to work in a wide range of temperatures and compositions which can be tailored to fit the requirements of a given separation process.
| S-EPMC4740753 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFour liters of polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) with balanced electrolytes for colonoscopy preparation has had poor acceptance. Another approach is the use of electrolyte-free PEG combined with 1.9 L of Gatorade. Despite its widespread use, there are no data on metabolic safety and minimal data on efficacy. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and electrolyte safety of these two PEG-based preparations.MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized, single-blind, non-inferiority trial. Patients were randomized to 238 g PEG + 1.9 L Gatorade or 4 L of PEG-ELS containing 236 g PEG. Split dosing was not performed. On procedure day blood was drawn for basic chemistries. The primary outcome was preparation quality from procedure photos using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale.ResultsWe randomized 136 patients (66 PEG + Gatorade, 70 PEG-ELS). There were no differences in preparation scores between the two agents in the ITT analysis (7.2 ± 1.9 for PEG-ELS and 7.0 ± 2.1 for PEG + Gatorade; p = 0.45). BBPS scores were identical for those who completed the preparation and dietary instructions as directed (7.4 ± 1.7 for PEG-ELS, and 7.4 ± 1.8 for PEG + Gatorade; p = 0.98). There were no statistical differences in serum electrolytes between the two preparations. Patients who received PEG + Gatorade gave higher overall satisfaction scores for the preparation experience (p = 0.001), and had fewer adverse effects.ConclusionsUse of 238 g PEG + 1.9 L Gatorade appears to be safe, better tolerated, and non-inferior to 4 L PEG-ELS. This preparation may be especially useful for patients who previously tolerated PEG-ELS poorly.
| S-EPMC3571759 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Solid electrolytes are crucial materials for lithium-ion or fuel-cell battery technology due to their structural stability and easiness for handling. Emergence of high conductivity in solid electrolytes requires precise control of the composition and structure. A promising strategy toward highly-conductive solid electrolytes is employing a thermally-stable inorganic component and a structurally-flexible organic moiety to construct inorganic-organic hybrid materials. Ionic liquids as the organic component will be advantageous for the emergence of high conductivity, and polyoxometalate, such as heteropolyacids, are well-known as inorganic proton conductors. Here, newly-designed ionic liquid imidazolium cations, having a polymerizable methacryl group (denoted as MAImC₁), were successfully hybridized with heteropolyanions of [PW12O40]3- (PW12) to form inorganic-organic hybrid monomers of MAImC₁-PW12. The synthetic procedure of MAImC₁-PW12 was a simple ion-exchange reaction, being generally applicable to several polyoxometalates, in principle. MAImC₁-PW12 was obtained as single crystals, and its molecular and crystal structures were clearly revealed. Additionally, the hybrid monomer of MAImC₁-PW12 was polymerized by a radical polymerization using AIBN as an initiator. Some of the resulting inorganic-organic hybrid polymers exhibited conductivity of 10-4 S·cm-1 order under humidified conditions at 313 K.
| S-EPMC6432462 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ionic Liquids are a broad group of salts with low melting points that can be specifically tuned for a broad range of applications. Despite being initially considered “green” solvents, their better environmental friendliness compared to traditional solvents has been increasingly challenged. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular effects of ILs exposure by using RNA-sequencing to study differential gene expression patterns. Thus, we exposed Daphnia magna to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim]Cl), 1-dodecyl chloride-3-methylimidazolium ([C12mim]Cl) and cholinium chloride ([Chol]Cl). Results suggest that the three ILs share several mechanisms of toxicity, including cellular membrane and cytoskeleton damage, oxidative stress, inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial affectation, changes in protein biosynthesis and energy production, DNA damage, and ultimately, programmed cell death and disease initiation. Overall, the dataset revealed that [C2mim]Cl and [C12mim]Cl were, respectively, the least and the most toxic ILs at the transcriptional level. Also, it is reinforced that [Chol]Cl is not devoid of environmental hazardous potential. Unique gene expression signatures could also be identified for each IL.
2021-08-13 | GSE156769 | GEO