Development, evaluation and application of a novel markerless motion analysis system to understand push-start technique in elite skeleton athletes
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Needham L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8592484 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:In this study, we propose a novel markerless motion capture system (MCS) for monkeys, in which 3D surface images of monkeys were reconstructed by integrating data from four depth cameras, and a skeleton model of the monkey was fitted onto 3D images of monkeys in each frame of the video. To validate the MCS, first, estimated 3D positions of body parts were compared between the 3D MCS-assisted estimation and manual estimation based on visual inspection when a monkey performed a shuttling behavior in which it had to avoid obstacles in various positions. The mean estimation error of the positions of body parts (3-14 cm) and of head rotation (35-43°) between the 3D MCS-assisted and manual estimation were comparable to the errors between two different experimenters performing manual estimation. Furthermore, the MCS could identify specific monkey actions, and there was no false positive nor false negative detection of actions compared with those in manual estimation. Second, to check the reproducibility of MCS-assisted estimation, the same analyses of the above experiments were repeated by a different user. The estimation errors of positions of most body parts between the two experimenters were significantly smaller in the MCS-assisted estimation than in the manual estimation. Third, effects of methamphetamine (MAP) administration on the spontaneous behaviors of four monkeys were analyzed using the MCS. MAP significantly increased head movements, tended to decrease locomotion speed, and had no significant effect on total path length. The results were comparable to previous human clinical data. Furthermore, estimated data following MAP injection (total path length, walking speed, and speed of head rotation) correlated significantly between the two experimenters in the MCS-assisted estimation (r = 0.863 to 0.999). The results suggest that the presented MCS in monkeys is useful in investigating neural mechanisms underlying various psychiatric disorders and developing pharmacological interventions.
| S-EPMC5094601 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics of the asymptomatic baseball batter's hips by comparing passive range of motion (PROM) and real-time active hip range of motion (AROM) and determine whether differences in ROM exist between lead and trail hips.MethodsParameters of passive hip ROM were obtained using a goniometer and physical examination standards. Active hip ROM during batting swings was captured with the Dynamic Athletic Research Institute's markerless motion-capture system.ResultsTwenty-nine elite-level baseball players were recruited for participation. Comparison of lead and trail hips showed no significant differences in PROM. Statistically significant differences in AROM were found between lead and trail legs with large effect sizes for flexion (mean difference [MD°], 11.22), extension (MD°, 30.30), abduction (MD°, 6.24), adduction (MD°, 18.63), external rotation (MD°, 14.87) and total arc of rotation (MD°, 17.17) (P < .001 for all). External rotation in the lead hip approached maximum passive endpoint during early phases of the swing, whereas trail hip extension reached maximum passive endpoint during follow-through.ConclusionThere is a significant difference in the AROM of the lead and trail hips during the batting swing, with active extension in the trail hip, active external rotation of the lead hip, and total arc of rotation of the lead hip nearing their respective passive endpoints and suggesting a potential for bony interaction in the hips of baseball batters.Level of evidenceLevel 3, Cross-Sectional Study.
| S-EPMC8220628 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To quantitatively assess pathological gait, we developed a novel smartphone application for full-body human motion tracking in real time from markerless video-based images using a smartphone monocular camera and deep learning. As training data for deep learning, the original three-dimensional (3D) dataset comprising more than 1 million captured images from the 3D motion of 90 humanoid characters and the two-dimensional dataset of COCO 2017 were prepared. The 3D heatmap offset data consisting of 28 × 28 × 28 blocks with three red-green-blue colors at the 24 key points of the entire body motion were learned using the convolutional neural network, modified ResNet34. At each key point, the hottest spot deviating from the center of the cell was learned using the tanh function. Our new iOS application could detect the relative tri-axial coordinates of the 24 whole-body key points centered on the navel in real time without any markers for motion capture. By using the relative coordinates, the 3D angles of the neck, lumbar, bilateral hip, knee, and ankle joints were estimated. Any human motion could be quantitatively and easily assessed using a new smartphone application named Three-Dimensional Pose Tracker for Gait Test (TDPT-GT) without any body markers or multipoint cameras.
| S-EPMC9322512 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Obtaining quantitative data describing the movements of animals is an essential step in understanding their locomotor biology. Outside the laboratory, measuring animal locomotion often relies on video-based approaches and analysis is hampered because of difficulties in calibration and often the limited availability of possible camera positions. It is also usually restricted to two dimensions, which is often an undesirable over-simplification given the essentially three-dimensional nature of many locomotor performances. In this paper we demonstrate a fully three-dimensional approach based on 3D photogrammetric reconstruction using multiple, synchronised video cameras. This approach allows full calibration based on the separation of the individual cameras and will work fully automatically with completely unmarked and undisturbed animals. As such it has the potential to revolutionise work carried out on free-ranging animals in sanctuaries and zoological gardens where ad hoc approaches are essential and access within enclosures often severely restricted. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of video-based 3D photogrammetry with examples from primates and birds, as well as discussing the current limitations of this technique and illustrating the accuracies that can be obtained. All the software required is open source so this can be a very cost effective approach and provides a methodology of obtaining data in situations where other approaches would be completely ineffective.
| S-EPMC4154302 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has great potential to explore all possible DNA variants associated with physical performance, psychological traits and health conditions of athletes. Here we present, for the first time, annotation of genomic variants of elite athletes, based on the WGS of 20 Tatar male wrestlers. The maximum number of high-quality variants per sample was over 3.8 M for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and about 0.64 M for indels. The maximum number of nonsense mutations was 148 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) per individual. Athletes’ genomes on average contained 18.9 nonsense SNPs in a homozygous state per sample, while non-athletes’ exomes (Tatar controls, n = 19) contained 18 nonsense SNPs. Finally, we applied genomic data for the association analysis and used reaction time (RT) as an example. Out of 1884 known genome-wide significant SNPs related to RT, we identified four SNPs (KIF27 rs10125715, APC rs518013, TMEM229A rs7783359, LRRN3 rs80054135) associated with RT in wrestlers. The cumulative number of favourable alleles (KIF27 A, APC A, TMEM229A T, LRRN3 T) was significantly correlated with RT both in wrestlers (P = 0.0003) and an independent cohort (n = 43) of physically active subjects (P = 0.029). Furthermore, we found that the frequencies of the APC A (53.3 vs 44.0%, P = 0.033) and LRRN3 T (7.5 vs 2.8%, P = 0.009) alleles were significantly higher in elite athletes (n = 107) involved in sports with RT as an essential component of performance (combat sports, table tennis and volleyball) compared to less successful (n = 176) athletes. The LRRN3 T allele was also over-represented in elite athletes (7.5%) in comparison with 189 controls (2.9%, P = 0.009). In conclusion, we present the first WGS study of athletes showing that WGS can be applied in sport and exercise science.
| S-EPMC7433326 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:To integrate markerless head motion tracking with prospectively corrected neuroanatomical MRI sequences and to investigate high-frequency motion correction during imaging echo trains. METHODS:A commercial 3D surface tracking system, which estimates head motion by registering point cloud reconstructions of the face, was used to adapt the imaging FOV based on head movement during MPRAGE and T2 SPACE (3D variable flip-angle turbo spin-echo) sequences. The FOV position and orientation were updated every 6 lines of k-space (< 50 ms) to enable "within-echo-train" prospective motion correction (PMC). Comparisons were made with scans using "before-echo-train" PMC, in which the FOV was updated only once per TR, before the start of each echo train (ET). Continuous-motion experiments with phantoms and in vivo were used to compare these high-frequency and low-frequency correction strategies. MPRAGE images were processed with FreeSurfer to compare estimates of brain structure volumes and cortical thickness in scans with different PMC. RESULTS:The median absolute pose differences between markerless tracking and MR image registration were 0.07/0.26/0.15 mm for x/y/z translation and 0.06º/0.02º/0.12° for rotation about x/y/z. The PMC with markerless tracking substantially reduced motion artifacts. The continuous-motion experiments showed that within-ET PMC, which minimizes FOV encoding errors during ETs that last over 1 second, reduces artifacts compared with before-ET PMC. T2 SPACE was found to be more sensitive to motion during ETs than MPRAGE. FreeSurfer morphometry estimates from within-ET PMC MPRAGE images were the most accurate. CONCLUSION:Markerless head tracking can be used for PMC, and high-frequency within-ET PMC can reduce sensitivity to motion during long imaging ETs.
| S-EPMC6491242 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of this study was to retrospectively interpret body composition in various wheelchair athletes. In total, 69 athletes (mean ± standard deviation; age 33 ± 11 years; body mass 65.1 ± 14.8 kg; height 169.9 ± 14.9 cm and time since injury 19 ± 11 years) from different national teams in wheelchair sports underwent a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement during the yearly medical check-up. The data showed a significant difference between total fat and total fat-free mass between male (fat mass: 15.1 ± 7.6 kg; fat-free mass: 51.8 ± 9.3 kg) and female (fat mass: 19.4 ± 7.8 kg; fat-free mass: 36.8 ± 7.6 kg) athletes (p = 0.032, p < 0.001). In contrast, no significant difference (p = 0.16, p = 0.07) in fat and fat-free mass between paraplegic, tetraplegic and non-SCI athletes was found. Comparing different sports, the lowest fat mass was found in paracycling athletes whereas curling game players showed the highest total fat mass. Basketball game players showed the highest fat-free mass (fat-free mass: 54.8 ± 10.1 kg). In tetraplegic athletes, difference in fat-free mass between left and right arms correlated with the upper extremity motor score. For the interpretation of the data it seems to be crucial, that many different parameters (i.e., gender, motor level of the injury) are taken into consideration in wheelchair athletes.
| S-EPMC6987295 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Previous studies shows that elite and high-level athletes possess consistently higher pain tolerance to ischemic and cold pain stimulation compared to recreationally active. However, the data previously obtained within this field is sparse and with low consistency. Purpose:The aim of the present study was to examine the difference in pain perception between elite and high-level endurance athletes (cross country skiers and runners), elite soccer players and non-athletes, as well to explore the impact of psychological factors on pain processing. Methods:Seventy one healthy volunteers (33 females and 38 males) participated in the study. Soccer players (n = 17), cross country skiers (n = 12), and long-distance runners (n = 3) formed the athlete group, with 39 non-athletes as controls. Big-five personality traits, fear of pain and Grit (perseverance and passion for long-term goals) were measured prior to induction of experimental pain. Pain threshold and intensity was induced by a PC-controlled heat thermode and measured by a computerized visual analog scale. Pain tolerance was measured by the cold pressor test (CPT). Results:Elite and high-level athletes had increased pain tolerance, higher heat pain thresholds, and reported lower pain intensity to thermal stimulation. Endurance athletes (cross country skiers and long-distance runners) had better tolerance for cold pain compared to both soccer-players and non-athletes. Furthermore, endurance athletes reported lower pain intensity compared to non-athletes, whereas both endurance athletes and soccer players had higher heat pain thresholds compared to non-athletes. Fear of Pain was the only psychological trait that had an impact on all pain measures. Conclusion:The present findings suggest that sports with long durations of physically intense activity, leveling aerobic capacity, are associated with increased ability to tolerate pain and that the amount of training hours has an impact on this tolerance. However, the small sample size implies that the results from this study should be interpreted with caution.
| S-EPMC7399202 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionElite and Olympian athletes are often stretching the upper limits of normal physiology and biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system in their efforts to excel in their sport. For them to get back to their sport at the same level after injury, the management, repair techniques, and rehabilitation protocols should be robust to permit healing of tissues to allow supra-normal loading and performance. The knee and the meniscus are commonly injured in these sports. Yet, the incidence, mechanisms, types of injuries to the meniscus, and their management are not known across different sports in the Olympics.MethodsWe set out to look into the incidence and the trends of publications on meniscal injuries of the knee in Olympic games. A search of the PubMed and Scopus for these injuries using a search strategy gave 79 and 116 articles, respectively.ResultsThere were very few publications giving the incidence of meniscal injuries in the Olympics. Football is the sport with the highest rate of meniscal injuries. Different sports are popular in different countries, and depending on the popularity and the country reporting these injuries, incidences differed. There was data available from India and Brazil for Elite athlete from diverse sports, whereas most data from other countries were for football and soccer. Knee was found to be the second most commonly injured part of the body in both Winter and Summer Olympics as well as the Youth Winter Olympics. Data were not available from the Youth Summer Olympics to make any conclusions. The number of publications on this topic is low. We presented the timeline of publications and citations of articles on this topic. The top country, language, journal, university, and author were USA, English, American Journal of Sports Medicine, Hospital of Special Surgery in New York and Brophy RH, respectively. The data on the risk factors for meniscal injuries were analyzed, discussed, and presented for football, as this was the most extensively studied sport.ConclusionsEven though the knee is one of the commonly injured anatomical locations in elite athletes, there is a lack of literature on meniscal injuries in this subset of population. We looked at possible reasons and made recommendations to improve data collection on these injuries.
| S-EPMC7205913 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tart cherry (TC) supplementation can improve exercise recovery and performance; and may also improve sleep duration and quality. This study investigated the use and knowledge of TC supplementation by athletes of all competitive levels. Eighty participants (52.5% elite (international, national, professional), 47.5% sub-elite (semi-professional, state/regional, county level, club level, recreational)) completed an online questionnaire investigating their attitudes towards and use of TC supplementation. Overall, 22.6% of participants were using or had previously used TC supplements, and 12.5% of participants planned to used TC supplements. Improved recovery (71.4%), sleep (32.1%) and immunity and general health (32.1%) were the most frequently indicated goals by respondents using TC supplements. In total, 32.1% of respondents were supplemented with TC chronically, 39.3% acutely and 28.6% used a combination of chronic and acute supplementation. The majority of those employing TC supplementation chronically used TC either over 2-3 days (37.0%) or continuously (37.0%). The most popular TC pre- and post-loading period was one day (34.3% and 41.5%, respectively). There were no significant differences between elite and sub-elite athletes in any parameters assessed (p > 0.05). TC supplementation is not widely used by the athletes surveyed, and athletes using TC supplements showed poor awareness of an evidence-led dosing strategy, regardless of competitive level.
| S-EPMC8066185 | biostudies-literature