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Acute effects of the different relaxation periods during passive intermittent static stretching on arterial stiffness

ABSTRACT: To clarify whether the relaxation period during stretching affects the degree of elevated shear rate and the degree of reduction of arterial stiffness, we examined relaxation duration to build an adequate stretching protocol. In Experiment 1, the changes in cardiac output, the shear rate in the posterior tibial artery, and blood volume in the calf muscle were measured during recovery (0–60 s) from a single bout of one-legged passive calf stretching in 12 healthy young men. In Experiment 2, the effects of different relaxation periods (5-, 10-, 20-, and 60-s) of passive one-legged intermittent calf stretching (30-s × 6 sets) on the femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) as an index of peripheral arterial stiffness were identified in 17 healthy young men. As a result, the stretched leg’s shear rate significantly increased from 0 to 10th s after stretching. The muscle blood volume in the stretched leg significantly reduced during stretching, and then significantly increased during the recovery period after stretching; however, cardiac output remained unchanged during stretching and recovery. Additionally, the reduction in faPWV from the pre-stretching value in the stretched leg was significantly larger in the protocol with 10-s and 20-s relaxation periods than that in the non-stretched leg, but this did not differ in the 5-s and 60-s relaxation periods. These findings suggest that the relaxation periods of intermittent static stretching that cause a high transient increase in shear rate (via reperfusion after microvascular compression by the stretched calf muscles) are effective to reduce arterial stiffness.

SUBMITTER: Higaki Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8592493 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Background and objectivesWave reflections and arterial stiffness are independent cardiovascular risk factors in ESRD. Previous studies in this population included only static recordings before and after dialysis. This study investigated the variation of these indices during intra- and interdialytic intervals and examined demographic, clinical, and hemodynamic variables related to arterial function in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsBetween February 2013 and May 2014, a total of 153 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis in five dialysis centers of northern Greece underwent ambulatory BP monitoring with the newly introduced Mobil-O-Graph device (IEM, Stolberg, Germany) over a midweek dialysis session and the subsequent interdialytic period. Mobil-O-Graph is an oscillometric device that records brachial BP and pulse waves and estimates, via generalized transfer function, aortic BP, augmentation index (AIx) as a measure of wave reflections, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as an index of arterial stiffness.ResultsAIx was lower during dialysis than in the interdialytic period of dialysis-on day (Day 1) (mean±SD, 24.7%±9.7% versus 26.8%±9.4%; P<0.001). In contrast, PWV remained unchanged between these intervals (9.31±2.2 versus 9.29±2.3 m/sec; P=0.60). Both AIx and PWV increased during dialysis-off day (Day 2) versus the out-of-dialysis period of Day 1 (28.8%±9.8% versus 26.8%±9.4% [P<0.001] and 9.39±2.3 versus 9.29±2.3 m/sec [P<0.001]). Older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.02 to 1.15), female sex (OR, 7.56; 95% CI, 1.64 to 34.81), diabetic status (OR, 8.84; 95% CI, 1.76 to 17.48), and higher mean BP (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.27) were associated with higher odds of high AIx; higher heart rate was associated with lower odds (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.80) of high AIx. Older age (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.61 to 2.58) and higher mean BP (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.27) were independent correlates of high PWV.ConclusionsThis study showed a gradual interdialytic increase in AIx, whereas PWV was only slightly elevated during Day 2. Future studies are needed to elucidate the value of these ambulatory measures for cardiovascular risk prediction in ESRD.

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Acute effects of the different relaxation periods during passive intermittent static stretching on arterial stiffness

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