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A Carvacrol-Rich Essential Oil Extracted From Oregano (Origanum vulgare "Hot & Spicy") Exerts Potent Antibacterial Effects Against Staphylococcus aureus.

ABSTRACT: Oregano essential oil (OEO), as a natural antimicrobial, has gained increased interest from food researchers and manufacturers. However, a few studies have investigated its possible antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus using the proteomic tool. The present study aimed to explore the antibacterial effect and mechanism of a carvacrol-rich OEO extracted from Origanum vulgare "Hot & Spicy" on the inactivation of S. aureus. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the OEO allowed the detection of 27 compounds; the major constituent was carvacrol (84.38% of total compounds). The average diameter of the inhibitory zone (DIZ) value was 29.10 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of OEO against S. aureus were 0.125 and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The growth curve assay indicated that the OEO prolonged the lag phase of S. aureus. The decrease in cell viability, changes in the integrity of cell membrane, and abnormal cell morphology further reflected the cell damage of S. aureus caused by the OEO. In addition, a label-free proteomic analysis was applied to analyze the regulatory networks of S. aureus in response to 1/2 MIC OEO-treatment stress. Of the 56 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified, 26 were significantly upregulated and 30 downregulated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the DEPs were mainly involved in pathways of ribosomes; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, which suggested that the growth inhibition of S. aureus might be due to the disordered effect of the OEO on protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism. These findings deepened our understanding regarding S. aureus survival and metabolism responses to the OEO treatment and suggested that the carvacrol-rich OEO could be used in food production environments to effectively control S. aureus.

SUBMITTER: Hao Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8602913 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The effects of elevation (200, 950 and 1760 m) and season (April-October) on leaf morphological, anatomical, ultrastructural, morphometrical and photosynthetic parameters were studied in Origanum vulgare plants. Observations aimed at the determination of the alterations in leaf structure and function associated with differential growth and adaptation of plants. Raising elevation results in a progressive decrease of plant height. During the growing period, summer plants are taller than spring and autumn plants at all elevations examined. In high-altitude populations (O. vulgare ssp. vulgare), the blade size becomes reduced in June leaves as compared with October leaves, while it does not change remarkably in low-altitude populations (O. vulgare ssp. hirtum). Leaf thickness remains more or less stable during the growing period. Expanded leaves in June and October at 200 m elevation contain dark phenolics only in their epidermis, whereas leaves of August are densely filled with phenolics in all of their tissues. In June at 1760 m elevation, leaves are devoid of phenolics, which, however, occur in the epidermis of the leaves in August and October. At higher altitudes, larger mesophyll chloroplasts with more starch grains are present in June leaves, whereas in August and October leaves chloroplasts are smaller with fewer starch grains. Leaf stomata and non-glandular hairs increase in number from the lowland to the upland habitats, whereas glandular hairs decrease in number. During the growing season, the density of stomata and of glandular and non-glandular hairs progressively increases. In the low- and mid-altitude oregano populations, leaf chlorophyll a content and PSII activity significantly increase in October, whereas they simultaneously decrease in the high-altitude population, suggesting a phenomenon of chilling-induced photoinhibition. The highest photochemical efficiency of PSII appears in the mid-altitude population (having characteristics intermediate between those of O. vulgare ssp. hirtum and ssp. vulgare) where environmental conditions are more favourable. This conclusion is also confirmed by the observation that the 950 m O. vulgare population has larger and thicker leaves with highly developed palisade and spongy parenchymas.

Project description:BackgroundBotrytis cinerea causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against B. cinerea.MethodsEssential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against B. cinerea, of which Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of B. cinerea. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo.ResultsOf all the 17 plant EOs tested, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea cubeba var. formosana and O. vulgare EOs had the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the main chemical components were carvacrol (89.98%), β-caryophyllene (3.34%), thymol (2.39%), α-humulene (1.38%) and 1-methyl-2-propan-2-ylbenzene isopropyl benzene (1.36%). In vitro experiment showed EC50 values of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol were 140.04, 9.09 and 21.32 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea at the concentration of 300 μg/mL while the inhibition rate of OVEO was 80.03%. EC50 of carvacrol and thymol have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the fresh and dry weight of mycelia. The collapse and damage on B. cinerea mycelia treated with 40 μg/mL of carvacrol and thymol was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through extracellular conductivity test and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that carvacrol and thymol led to increase the permeability of target cells, the destruction of mitochondrial membrane and ROS accumulation. In vivo conditions, 1000 μg/mL carvacrol had the best protective and therapeutic effects on tomato gray mold (77.98% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control.ConclusionsOVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.

Project description:Oregano essential oil has long been known for its health-promoting benefits. Here, we report its activity against viral replication. Oregano oil was found to specifically inhibit lentiviruses, such as human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), irrespective of virus tropism, but not hepatitis C virus, adenovirus 5 (ADV5), Zika virus, and influenza (H1N1) virus. Oregano oil's most abundant components, carvacrol and its isomer, thymol, were shown to block virus-target cell fusion while not perturbing other stages of the virus life cycle. We detected changes in virus particle density, suggesting that cholesterol depletion from the HIV-1 envelope membrane reduces virus entry. Furthermore, infection was rescued by adding exogenous cholesterol. The evolution of viral resistance to carvacrol supported this mechanism of action with the identification of mutations in the viral gp41 fusion protein that counteracted cholesterol depletion. In addition, resistance to carvacrol emerged later than typically observed for other clinically used drugs, strengthening its antiviral potential. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed key motifs of carvacrol and thymol required for HIV neutralization and identified previously unknown active analogs. Carvacrol was also shown to additively cooperate with antiretroviral therapy. In sum, oregano oil and improved carvacrol and thymol analogs could be considered to supplement current HIV therapeutics.IMPORTANCE Oregano essential oil has multiple benefits in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and food industries. Carvacrol and its analog, thymol, are well-described components of oregano oil. Here, we show that these compounds inhibit HIV-target cell fusion independently of viral tropism. Our results suggest that carvacrol and thymol alter the cholesterol content of the viral membrane, blocking HIV-1 entry into the target cell. Resistance to carvacrol has selected for viruses with mutations in the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp41. This protein is known for its interaction with cholesterol present in membrane lipid rafts. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of therapies targeting the viral envelope membrane, and oregano oil is a safe supplement to antiretrovirals, potentially delaying disease progression and resistance development.

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A Carvacrol-Rich Essential Oil Extracted From Oregano (Origanum vulgare "Hot & Spicy") Exerts Potent Antibacterial Effects Against Staphylococcus aureus.

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