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Chronic Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning may have an Antihypertensive Effect in Patients with Hypertension.

ABSTRACT: Hypertension is the leading preventable risk factor for all-cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite antihypertensive medications have been available for decades, a big challenge we are facing is to increase the blood pressure (BP) control rate among the population. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new antihypertensive means to reduce the burden of disease caused by hypertension. Limb remote ischemic conditioning (LRIC) can trigger endogenous protective effects through transient and repeated ischemia on the limb to protect specific organs and tissues including the brain, heart, and kidney. The mechanisms of LRIC involve the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, releasing humoral factors, improvement of vascular endothelial function, and modulation of immune/inflammatory responses. These underlying mechanisms of LRIC may restrain the pathogenesis of hypertension through multiple pathways theoretically, leading to a potential decline in BP. Several existing studies have explored the impact of LRIC on BP, however, controversial findings were reported. To explore the potential antihypertensive effect of LRIC and the underlying mechanisms, we systematically reviewed the relevant articles to provide an insight into the novel therapy of hypertension.

SUBMITTER: Guo W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8612623 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Remote ischemic conditioning.

Project description:In remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), brief, reversible episodes of ischemia with reperfusion in one vascular bed, tissue, or organ confer a global protective phenotype and render remote tissues and organs resistant to ischemia/reperfusion injury. The peripheral stimulus can be chemical, mechanical, or electrical and involves activation of peripheral sensory nerves. The signal transfer to the heart or other organs is through neuronal and humoral communications. Protection can be transferred, even across species, with plasma-derived dialysate and involves nitric oxide, stromal derived factor-1?, microribonucleic acid-144, but also other, not yet identified factors. Intracardiac signal transduction involves: adenosine, bradykinin, cytokines, and chemokines, which activate specific receptors; intracellular kinases; and mitochondrial function. RIC by repeated brief inflation/deflation of a blood pressure cuff protects against endothelial dysfunction and myocardial injury in percutaneous coronary interventions, coronary artery bypass grafting, and reperfused acute myocardial infarction. RIC is safe and effective, noninvasive, easily feasible, and inexpensive.

| S-EPMC4297315 | biostudies-other

Chronic remote ischemic conditioning for cardiovascular protection.

Project description:New treatments are needed to prevent adverse left ventricular remodelling following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in order to prevent heart failure and improve clinical outcomes following AMI. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) using transient limb ischemia and reperfusion has been reported to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size in AMI patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention, and whether it can improve clinical outcomes is currently being investigated. Interestingly, repeated daily episode of limb RIC (termed 'chronic remote ischemic conditioning', or CRIC) has been shown in experimental and clinical studies to confer beneficial effects on post-AMI cardiac remodelling and chronic heart failure. In addition, the beneficial effects of CRIC extend to vascular function, peripheral arterial disease and stroke. In this review article, we focus on the therapeutic potential of CRIC as a strategy for cardiovascular protection and for improving clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease.

| S-EPMC7169952 | biostudies-literature

Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning Promotes Myelination by Upregulating PTEN/Akt/mTOR Signaling Activities after Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.

Project description:Limb Remote ischemic conditioning (LRIC) has been proved to be a promising neuroprotective method in white matter lesions after ischemia; however, its mechanism underlying protection after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether LRIC promoted myelin growth by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway in a rat chronic hypoperfusion model. Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley underwent permanent double carotid artery (2VO), and limb remote ischemic conditioning was applied for 3 days after the 2VO surgery. Cognitive function, oligodendrocyte counts, myelin density, apoptosis and proliferation activity, as well as PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling activity were determined 4 weeks after treatment. We found that LRIC significantly inhibited oligodendrocytes apoptosis (p<0.05), promoted myelination (p<0.01) in the corpus callosum and improved spatial learning impairment (p<0.05) at 4 weeks after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Oligodendrocytes proliferation, along with demyelination, in corpus callosum were not obviously affected by LRIC (p>0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that LRIC upregulated PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling activities in corpus callosum (p<0.05). Our results suggest that LRIC exerts neuroprotective effect on white matter injuries through activating PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

| S-EPMC5524802 | biostudies-other

Dose of remote limb ischemic conditioning for enhancing learning in healthy young adults.

Project description:Remote limb ischemic conditioning (RLIC) is a technique in which tissues distant from the target organ are exposed to brief, sub-lethal bouts of ischemia. The effects of remotely applied ischemic conditioning are systemically transferred to the target organ, and typically manifested as protection from subsequent ischemic injury. Previous studies in our lab have found and confirmed that RLIC enhances learning and retention during motor training on a balance task. The current study tested the effect of RLIC dose (number of cycles) on learning enhancement in young, healthy adults. Forty healthy participants age 18-40 years were randomized to receive 5 cycles of sham conditioning (n = 9), 3 cycles of RLIC (n = 11), 4 cycles of RLIC (n = 10), or 5 cycles of RLIC (n = 10) using a blood pressure cuff around the upper arm once a day for 7 consecutive weekdays (Days 1-7). Participants concurrently trained on a balance task, bimanual cup stacking task, and a discrete sequence production task on Days 3-7. Change in performance on each of the three tasks was compared across groups. Participants in all four groups improved their performance on each of the three tasks over time. However, RLIC at any dose did not enhance learning on any of the three tasks. While RLIC is safe, inexpensive, and clinically feasible, reproducibility may be challenged by unidentified factors, raising critical challenges to the straightforward translation of RLIC for improving rehabilitation outcomes in individuals recovering from neurological injury.

| S-EPMC7037588 | biostudies-literature

Matched Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Project description:Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a powerful innate response to transient subcritical ischemia that protects against severe ischemic insults at distant sites. We have previously shown the safety and feasibility of limb RIC in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients, along with changes in neurovascular and cerebral metabolism. In this study, we aim to detect the potential effect of an established lower-limb conditioning protocol on clinical outcomes of aSAH patients. Neurologic outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS)) of patients enrolled in a prospective trial (RIPC-SAH) was measured. A matching algorithm was applied to identify control patients with aSAH from an institutional departmental database. RIC patients underwent four lower-limb conditioning sessions, consisting of four 5-min cycles per session over nonconsecutive days. Good functional outcome was defined as mRS of 0 to 2. The study population consisted of 21 RIC patients and 61 matched controls. There was no significant intergroup difference in age, gender, aneurysm location, clipping vs coiling, Fisher grades, Hunt and Hess grades, or vasospasm. RIC was independently associated with good outcome (OR 5.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-25.02). RIC also showed a trend toward lower incidence of stroke (28.6 vs. 47.5%) and death (4.8 vs. 19.7%). Lower-limb RIC following aSAH appears to have a positive effect in the functional outcomes of patients with aSAH. While this effect is consistent with prior preclinical studies, future trials are necessary to conclusively evaluate the effects of RIC for aSAH.

| S-EPMC4724226 | biostudies-literature

Baseline systolic blood pressure, hypertension history, and efficacy of remote ischemic conditioning.

Project description:ObjectiveWe performed a post hoc exploratory analysis of Remote Ischemic Conditioning for Acute Moderate Ischemic Stroke (RICAMIS) to determine whether hypertension history and baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) affect the efficacy of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC).MethodsBased on the full analysis set of RICAMIS, patients were divided into hypertension versus non-hypertension group, or <140 mmHg versus ≥140 mmHg group. Each group was further subdivided into RIC and control subgroups. The primary outcome was modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-1 at 90 days. Efficacy of RIC was compared among patients with hypertension versus nonhypertension history and SBP of <140 mmHg versus ≥140 mmHg. Furthermore, the interaction effect of treatment with hypertension and SBP was assessed.ResultsCompared with control group, RIC produced a significantly higher proportion of patients with excellent functional outcome in the nonhypertension group (RIC vs. control: 65.7% vs. 57.0%, OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06-1.98; p = 0.02), but no significant difference was observed in the hypertension group (RIC vs. control: 69.1% vs. 65.2%, p = 0.17). Similar results were observed in SBP ≥140 mmHg group (RIC vs. control: 68.0% vs. 61.2%, p = 0.009) and SBP <140 mmHg group (RIC vs. control: 65.6% vs. 64.7%, p = 0.77). No interaction effect of RIC on primary outcome was identified.InterpretationHypertension and baseline SBP did not affect the neuroprotective effect of RIC, but they were associated with higher probability of excellent functional outcome in patients with acute moderate ischemic stroke who received RIC treatment.

| S-EPMC11251468 | biostudies-literature

The effect of head cooling and remote ischemic conditioning on patients with traumatic brain injury.

Project description:Cerebral impairment caused by an external force to the head is known as traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to determine the role of local hypothermia and remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) on oxidative stress, inflammatory response after TBI, and other involved variables. The present study is a clinical trial on 84 patients with TBI who were divided into 4 groups. The head cooling for 1.5 to 6 hr was performed in the first three days after TBI. RIC intervention was performed within the golden time after TBI in the form of four 5-min cycles with full cuff and 5 min of emptying of cuff. The group receiving the head cooling technique recovered better than the group receiving the RIC technique. Generally, combination of the two interventions of head cooling and RIC techniques is more effective on the improvement of clinical status of patients than each separate technique.

| S-EPMC8207229 | biostudies-literature

Remote Limb Ischemic Conditioning and Motor Learning: Evaluation of Factors Influencing Response in Older Adults.

Project description:Remote limb ischemic conditioning (RLIC) is a clinically feasible method of promoting tissue protection against subsequent ischemic insult. Recent findings from our lab demonstrated that RLIC robustly enhances motor learning in young, healthy humans. The next step is to determine which individuals would receive maximum benefit from RLIC before applying these findings to clinical rehabilitation populations such as stroke. Numerous factors, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and cardiovascular comorbidities may influence the response. Sixty-nine participants aged 40-80 were randomized to receive either RLIC (n = 33) or sham (n = 36) conditioning. Participants underwent seven consecutive sessions consisting of RLIC or sham conditioning with a blood pressure cuff on the upper extremity and motor training on a stability platform balance task, with two follow-up sessions. Balance change (post-test-pre-test) was compared across participants, groups, and the factors of age, sex, BMI, and comorbidities. Participants in both groups improved their performance on the balance task from pre- to post-test. Overall balance change was independently associated with age and BMI. There was no difference in balance change between RLIC and Sham groups. However, RLIC significantly enhanced balance performance in participants with no comorbidities. Compared with our previous study in young adults, middle-aged and older adults demonstrated smaller improvements on the balance task. RLIC enhanced learning in middle-aged and older adults only in the absence of pre-defined comorbidities. RLIC may be a promising tool for enhancing motor recovery, but the accumulation of comorbidity with age may decrease its effectiveness.

| S-EPMC6367068 | biostudies-literature

Remote ischemic conditioning for acute stroke patients treated with thrombectomy.

Project description:Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has been demonstrated to be safe and feasible for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), as well as for those receiving intravenous thrombolysis. We assessed the safety and feasibility of RIC for AIS patients undergoing endovascular treatment (ET).We conducted a pilot study with patients with AIS who were suspected of having an emergent large-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation and who were scheduled for ET within 6 hours of ictus. Four cycles of RIC were performed before recanalization, immediately following recanalization, and once daily for the subsequent 7 days. The primary outcome was any serious RIC-related adverse events.Twenty subjects, aged 66.1 ± 12.1 years, were recruited. No subject experienced serious RIC-related adverse events. The intracranial pressure, cranial perfusion pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, middle cerebral artery peak systolic flow velocity, and pulsatility index did not change significantly before, during, or after the limb ischemia (P > 0.1 for all). Of 80 cycles, 71 (89%) were completed before recanalization and 80 (100%) were completed immediately after recanalization; 444 of 560 cycles (78%) were completed within 7 days posttreatment. No patients had to stop RIC because it affected routine clinical managements. Six subjects (30%) experienced intracerebral hemorrhage, which was symptomatic in one case (5%). At the 3-month follow-up, 11 subjects (55%) had achieved functional independence, and two subjects (10%) died.RIC appears to be safe and feasible for patients with AIS undergoing ET. Investigations are urgently needed to determine the efficacy of RIC in this patient population.

| S-EPMC6043766 | biostudies-literature

Peripheral Mechanisms of Remote Ischemic Conditioning.

Project description:Ischemic conditioning induces an endogenous protective mechanism that allows organisms to develop resistance to subsequent insults. The conditioning effect occurs across organs and species. Recently, much attention has been given to remote ischemic limb conditioning due to its non-invasive nature and potential therapeutic applications. While tolerance is induced at the primary injury site (e.g. the heart in cardiac ischemia and the brain in stroke), the site of conditioning application is away from the target organ, suggesting the protective factors are extrinsic in nature rather than intrinsic. This review will focus on the peripheral factors that account for the induction of tolerance. Topics of particular interest are blood flow changes, peripheral neural pathways, humoral factors in circulation, and the peripheral immune system. This review will also discuss how conditioning may negatively affect metabolically compromised conditions, its optimal dose, and window for therapy development.

| S-EPMC7169943 | biostudies-literature

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