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Contribution of Microorganisms to Biogenic Amine Accumulation during Fish Sauce Fermentation and Screening of Novel Starters.

ABSTRACT: In this study, high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent and HPLC methods were used to investigate the contribution and regulation of biogenic amines (BAs) by dominant microorganisms during fish sauce fermentation. The results showed that the microbial composition constantly changed with the fermentation of fish sauce. Tetragenococcus (40.65%), Lentibacillus (9.23%), Vagococcus (2.20%), Psychrobacter (1.80%), Pseudomonas (0.98%), Halomonas (0.94%) and Staphylococcus (0.16%) were the dominant microflora in fish sauce. The content of BAs gradually increased as the fermentation progressed. After 12 months of fermentation, the histamine content (55.59 mg/kg) exceeded the toxic dose recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Correlation analysis showed that dominant microorganisms have a great contribution to the accumulation of BAs. By analyzing the BA production capacity of dominant isolates, the accumulation of BAs in fish sauce might be promoted by Tetragenococcus and Halomonas. Moreover, four strains with high BA reduction ability were screened out of 44 low BA-producing dominant strains, and their influence on BA accumulation in fermented foods was determined. Results demonstrated that Staphylococcus nepalensis 5-5 and Staphylococcus xylosus JCM 2418 might be the potential starters for BA control. The present study provided a new idea for the control of BAs in fermented foods.

SUBMITTER: Ma X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8621993 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:High-throughput sequencing and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to investigate the influences of microbial dynamics on the quality and biogenic amine (BA) content during fish sauce fermentation. The homogeneity of total viable bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in fish sauce becomes higher as fermentation progresses. Tetragenococcus was the key genus of fish sauce fermentation. Carnobacterium (38.43%) and Lentibacillus (41.01%) were the dominant genera in the samples fermented for 3 months and 18 months, respectively. These three bacterial genera were significantly related to the physicochemical characteristics and characteristic flavors of the sauces. Tetragenococcus was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen oxides, the main characteristic flavor components in fish sauce. The BA content in fish sauce fermentation increased from 106.88 to 376.03 mg/kg, and the content of histamine reached 115.30 mg/kg at the end of fermentation, indicating that fish sauce has health risks. About 66.67% of Lentibacillus isolates were able to produce a large amount of BA, suggesting that Lentibacillus was the key genus for BA accumulation in fish sauce fermentation. Research on reducing the content of BA in fish sauce by intervening with regard to the fermentation temperature showed that a safe fish sauce product could be obtained at the fermentation temperature of about 25°C. These results help us to understand the contribution of microbial community composition to fish sauce fermentation and provide a basis for improving the quality and safety of fermented fish sauce. IMPORTANCE Traditional fermentation of fish sauce is mainly carried out by complex microbial communities from raw anchovies and processing environments. However, it is still unclear how the environmental microbiota influences the quality and the safety of fish sauce products. Therefore, this study comprehensively explained the influence of microorganisms on the quality and safety of fish sauce during the fermentation process in terms of physicochemical characters, flavors, and BA. Additionally, the accumulation of BA in fish sauce fermentation was controlled by intervening in the fermentation temperature. This finding contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of environmental microbiota during fermentation and provides data support for improving the safety of fish sauce.

Project description:Rice wine is primarily crafted from grains through saccharification and liquification with the help of Qu. Qu plays an important role in the formation of the flavor quality of rice wine. Hongqu and Xiaoqu represent two prevalent varieties of Qu that are typically utilized in the brewing process of rice wine and play a crucial role in its production. In this study, GC, GC-MS, HPLC, and metagenomic sequencing techniques were used to contrast the microbial flora, biogenic amines, and aroma characteristics developed during the fermentation of rice wines, with Hongqu and Xiaoqu being used as initiating agents for the brewing process. The results show that the content of higher alcohols (including n-propanol, isobutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and phenethyl alcohol) in rice wine brewed with Xiaoqu (XQW) was significantly higher than that in rice wine brewed with Hongqu (HQW). Contrarily, the concentration of biogenic amines in HQW surpassed that of XQW by a notable margin, but tyramine was significantly enriched in XQW and not detected in HQW. In addition, a multivariate statistical analysis revealed distinct disparities in the constitution of volatile components between HQW and XQW. Hexanoic acid, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl caproate, ethyl decanoate, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, etc., were identified as the characteristic aroma-active compounds in HQW and XQW. A microbiome analysis based on metagenomic sequencing showed that HQW and XQW had different dominant microorganisms in the brewing process. Burkholderia, Klebsiella, Leuconostoc, Monascus, and Aspergillus were identified as the primary microbial genera in the HQW fermentation period, while Pediococcus, Enterobacter, Rhizopus, Ascoidea, and Wickerhamomyces were the main microbial genera in the XQW brewing process. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that the concentrations of microbial genes involved in biogenic amines and esters biosynthesis were significantly higher in HQW than those in XQW, while the content of genes relevant to glycolysis, higher alcohol biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism was significantly higher in XQW than in HQW, which are the possible reasons for the difference in flavor quality between the two kinds of rice wine from the perspective of microbial functional genes.

Project description:This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal (SM) and soluble starch (SS) on biogenic amine production and microbial diversity using in vitro ruminal fermentation. Treatments comprised of incubation of 2 g of mixture (expressed as 10 parts) containing different ratios of SM to SS as: 0:0, 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, or 0:10. In vitro ruminal fermentation parameters were determined at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation while the biogenic amine and microbial diversity were determined at 48 h of incubation. Treatment with highest proportion of SM had higher (p<0.05) gas production than those with higher proportions of SS. Samples with higher proportion of SS resulted in lower pH than those with higher proportion of SM after 48 h of incubation. The largest change in NH3-N concentration from 0 to 48 h was observed on all SM while the smallest was observed on exclusive SS. Similarly, exclusive SS had the lowest NH3-N concentration among all groups after 24 h of incubation. Increasing methane (CH4) concentrations were observed with time, and CH4 concentrations were higher (p<0.05) with greater proportions of SM than SS. Balanced proportion of SM and SS had the highest (p<0.05) total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) while propionate was found highest in higher proportion of SS. Moreover, biogenic amine (BA) was higher (p<0.05) in samples containing greater proportions of SM. Histamines, amine index and total amines were highest in exclusive SM followed in sequence mixtures with increasing proportion of SS (and lowered proportion of SM) at 48 h of incubation. Nine dominant bands were identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and their identity ranged from 87% to 100% which were mostly isolated from rumen and feces. Bands R2 (uncultured bacterium clone RB-5E1) and R4 (uncultured rumen bacterium clone L7A_C10) bands were found in samples with higher proportions of SM while R3 (uncultured Firmicutes bacterium clone NI_52), R7 (Selenomonas sp. MCB2), R8 (Selenomonas ruminantium gene) and R9 (Selenomonas ruminantium strain LongY6) were found in samples with higher proportions of SS. Different feed ratios affect rumen fermentation in terms of pH, NH3-N, CH4, BA, volatile fatty acid and other metabolite concentrations and microbial diversity. Balanced protein and carbohydrate ratios are needed for rumen fermentation.

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Contribution of Microorganisms to Biogenic Amine Accumulation during Fish Sauce Fermentation and Screening of Novel Starters.

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