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Mycobiota and Mycotoxin Contamination of Traditional and Industrial Dry-Fermented Sausage Kulen.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to identify and compare surface mycobiota of traditional and industrial Croatian dry-fermented sausage Kulen, especially toxicogenic species, and to detect contamination with mycotoxins recognized as the most important for meat products. Identification of mould species was performed by sequence analysis of beta- tubulin and calmodulin gene, while the determination of mycotoxins aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was carried out using the LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method. The results showed a significantly higher number of mould isolates and greater species (including of those mycotoxigenic) diversity in traditional Kulen samples in comparison with the industrial ones. P. commune, as a potential CPA-producer, was the most represented in traditional Kulen (19.0%), followed by P. solitum (16.6%), which was the most represented in industrial Kulen samples (23.8%). The results also showed that 69% of the traditional sausage samples were contaminated with either CPA or OTA in concentrations of up to 13.35 µg/kg and 6.95 µg/kg, respectively, while in the industrial samples only OTA was detected (in a single sample in the concentration of 0.42 µg/kg). Mycotoxin AFB₁ and its producers were not detected in any of the analysed samples (

SUBMITTER: Lesic T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8622551 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:PurposeFive Lactobacillus strains isolated from sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage) were studied for their genetic and technological properties.MethodsFor genotypic identification, strains 16S rRNA gene sequences were used. To determine the antimicrobial activity of strains, seven foodborne pathogens were tested. Strains technological properties were characterized.ResultsThese strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the phylogenetic tree obtained by neighbor-joining method allowed grouping of these strains into three subgroups. L. plantarum strains showed antagonistic activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Micrococcus luteus strains. PCR assay, using specific primers, showed the presence of bacteriocin (plantaricin) encoding genes in all L. plantarum strains tested. Antimicrobial metabolite production of these strains started at log phase and reached the maximum level at the end of the stationary phase. Regarding their technological properties, better growth was observed at 25 °C compared with 15 °C and 45 °C. The isolates which grown well within the pH scale pH 4.5-6.5 range additionally showed a decent growth at 6.5% salt concentration. It has been found that strains do not exhibit lipolytic and proteolytic activities nor have lysine, ornithine, and arginine decarboxylase activity. On the other hand, one strain showed weak nitrate reductase activity, and four strains produced acetoin from glucose. In addition, all strains were DL-lactic acid producers. Consequently, L. plantarum strains isolated exhibited some biochemical properties required for a starter culture in sucuk and similar products.ConclusionsAll identified strains may be a protective culture in the production of fermented meat products. In particular, L. plantarum S51 was distinguished from other isolates due to the inability to form acetoin from glucose. Further work will be needed to characterize L. plantarum strains as starter culture.

Project description:Dry fermented sausages are produced worldwide by well-controlled fermentation processes involving complex microbiota including many bacterial and fungal species with key technological roles. However, to date, fungal diversity on sausage casings during storage has not been fully described. In this context, we studied the microbial communities from dry fermented sausages naturally colonized or voluntarily surface inoculated with molds during storage using both culture-dependent and metabarcoding methods. Staphylococci and lactic acid bacteria largely dominated in samples, although some halotolerant genera (e.g., Halomonas, Tetragenococcus, and Celerinatantimonas spp.) were also frequently observed. Fungal populations varied from 7.2 to 9.8 log TFU/cm2 sausage casing during storage, suggesting relatively low count variability among products. Fungal diversity identified on voluntarily inoculated casings was lower (dominated by Penicillium nalgiovense and Debaryomyces hansenii) than naturally environment-inoculated fermented sausages (colonized by P. nalgiovense, Penicillium nordicum, and other Penicillium spp. and sporadically by Scopulariopsis sp., D. hansenii, and Candida zeylanoïdes). P. nalgiovense and D. hansenii were systematically identified, highlighting their key technological role. The mycotoxin risk was then evaluated, and in situ mycotoxin production of selected mold isolates was determined during pilot-scale sausage productions. Among the identified fungal species, P. nalgiovense was confirmed not to produce mycotoxins. However, some P. nordicum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium bialowienzense, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Penicillium citreonigrum isolates produced one or more mycotoxins in vitro. P. nordicum also produced ochratoxin A during pilot-scale sausage productions using "worst-case" conditions in the absence of biotic competition. These data provide new knowledge on fermented sausage microbiota and the potential mycotoxin risk during storage.

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Mycobiota and Mycotoxin Contamination of Traditional and Industrial Dry-Fermented Sausage Kulen.

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