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Spectral Characteristic, Storage Stability and Antioxidant Properties of Anthocyanin Extracts from Flowers of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.).

ABSTRACT: Anthocyanins from flowers of the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) are promising edible blue food colorants. Food processing often faces extreme pHs and temperatures, which greatly affects the color and nutritional values of anthocyanins. This study explored the color, spectra, storage stability, and antioxidant properties of C. ternatea anthocyanin extract (CTAE) at different pHs. The color and absorption spectra of CTAEs at a pH of 0.5-13 were shown, with their underlying structures analyzed. Then, the storage stability of CTAEs were explored under a combination of pHs and temperatures. The stability of CTAE declines with the increase in temperature, and it can be stored stably for months at 4 °C. CTAEs also bear much resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions but exhibit higher thermal stability at pH 7 (blue) than at pH 0.5 (magenta) or pH 10 (blue-green), which is a great advantage in food making. Antioxidant abilities for flower extracts from the butterfly pea were high at pH 4-7, as assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assays, and decreased sharply when the pH value exceeded 7. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the application of butterfly pea flowers and imply their great prospect in the food industry.

SUBMITTER: Fu X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8622631 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea), a Cyclotide-Bearing Plant With Applications in Agriculture and Medicine.

Project description:The perennial leguminous herb Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) has attracted significant interest based on its agricultural and medical applications, which range from use as a fodder and nitrogen fixing crop, to applications in food coloring and cosmetics, traditional medicine and as a source of an eco-friendly insecticide. In this article we provide a broad multidisciplinary review that includes descriptions of the physical appearance, distribution, taxonomy, habitat, growth and propagation, phytochemical composition and applications of this plant. Notable amongst its repertoire of chemical components are anthocyanins which give C. ternatea flowers their characteristic blue color, and cyclotides, ultra-stable macrocyclic peptides that are present in all tissues of this plant. The latter are potent insecticidal molecules and are implicated as the bioactive agents in a plant extract used commercially as an insecticide. We include a description of the genetic origin of these peptides, which interestingly involve the co-option of an ancestral albumin gene to produce the cyclotide precursor protein. The biosynthesis step in which the cyclic peptide backbone is formed involves an asparaginyl endopeptidase, of which in C. ternatea is known as butelase-1. This enzyme is highly efficient in peptide ligation and has been the focus of many recent studies on peptide ligation and cyclization for biotechnological applications. The article concludes with some suggestions for future studies on this plant, including the need to explore possible synergies between the various peptidic and non-peptidic phytochemicals.

| S-EPMC6546959 | biostudies-literature

Dataset of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanin from the petals of Clitoria ternatea using Taguchi method and effect of storage conditions on the anthocyanin stability.

Project description:Anthocyanins are natural water-soluble colourants with a number of reported health benefits and are an excellent alternative to artificial dyes. Anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea were obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction with glycerol-water (60:40 w/v). The anthocyanins in the extract were measured at wavelength 550 and 700 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and expressed in terms of total anthocyanins content (TAC). Taguchi method was employed to optimize the extraction parameters that include the extraction time (30 to 50 min), extraction temperature (40 to 60 °C), and solvent to solid ratio (10:1 to 30:1), with TAC as the response. The obtained data showed the optimum extraction parameters as 30 min extraction time, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 10:1 solvent to solid ratio. The anthocyanin's storage stability was analyzed for 7 days at varying storage temperatures and exposure to light. The present dataset in this article indicated the glycerol-water system as a green alternative for anthocyanin extraction and acted as a storage medium. Furthermore, our methodology can be applied to optimize the anthocyanins extraction process, manipulate storage conditions and improve the extract quality.

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A Commercial Potential Blue Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Flower Extract Incorporated Beverage Having Functional Properties.

Project description:Clitoria ternatea L. commonly known as 'blue pea' is an underutilized plant in Sri Lanka. The blue coloured flower of this plant is used in medicine in Sri Lankan traditional medical system and also reported to have several health benefits in recent findings at the international level. However, to date scientifically validated value added products from blue pea flower (BPF) is very limited worldwide. In this connection, this study was carried out to develop a commercial potential blue pea flower extract (BFE) incorporated beverage having functional properties. Dried BPFs were extracted into water with varying flower: water ratio, temperature, and time using response surface methodology (RSM) along with Box-Behnken design. A range of BFE incorporated beverages was developed comprising a natural sweetener (Stevia extract) and a flavour (lime). The most acceptable formulation was selected via ranking and hedonic sensory tests. Further, it was evaluated for functional properties in terms of antioxidant activity via total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activities via ORAC; DPPH and ABTS. Glycaemic regulatory properties (GCP) were evaluated in terms of antiamylase and antiglucosidase activities. Quality parameters of the developed beverage were evaluated for a period of 28 days at different time intervals and a colour chart was also developed. The optimum conditions for extraction of BPF via RSM were 3 g of powdered BPF/L of water at 59.6 °C for 37 min. The most acceptable formulation consists of BFE, Stevia extract, and lime at a ratio of 983.25:1.75:15. Further, it had significantly higher (p<0.05) consumer preference for sensory attributes. Further, it possesses an antioxidant activity through multiple mechanisms while GCP were not detected. Moreover, it was shelf stable for a period of 28 days without preservatives. The colour chart can be used to monitor the quality of the beverage.

| S-EPMC6545798 | biostudies-literature

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Metabolic perturbations and key pathways associated with the bacteriostatic activity of Clitoria ternatea flower anthocyanin fraction against Escherichia coli.

Project description:Clitoria ternatea flowers are rich in anthocyanins and possess various biological activities. Specifically, the antibacterial mechanism of action of C. ternatea anthocyanins remains unknown and was investigated in Escherichia coli . A time-kill assay was used to assess the antibacterial activity and the metabolic perturbations in E. coli were investigated utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics. Pathway analyses were carried out for metabolites showing ≥2-fold changes. The anthocyanin fraction remarkably reduced the growth of E. coli at 4 h by 95.8 and 99.9 % at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 2× MIC, respectively. The anthocyanin fraction (MIC) had a bacteriostatic effect and was shown to have perturbed glycerophospholipids (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diacylglycerol and cardiolipin), amino acids (valine, tyrosine and isoleucine) and energy (ubiquinone and NAD) metabolites at 1 and 4 h. This study demonstrated significant metabolic perturbations of the glycerophospholipid, amino acid and energy metabolism, with these being the key pathways involved in the bacteriostatic activity of anthocyanins from C. ternatea, which may have promise as bacteriostatic agents for E. coli -related infections.

| S-EPMC10323780 | biostudies-literature

Crystal structure of UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase from Clitoria ternatea.

Project description:Flowers of the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) accumulate a group of polyacylated anthocyanins, named ternatins, in their petals. The first step in ternatin biosynthesis is the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to anthocyanidins such as delphinidin, a reaction catalyzed in C. ternatea by UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (Ct3GT-A; AB185904). To elucidate the structure-function relationship of Ct3GT-A, recombinant Ct3GT-A was expressed in Escherichia coli and its tertiary structure was determined to 1.85 Å resolution by using X-ray crystallography. The structure of Ct3GT-A shows a common folding topology, the GT-B fold, comprised of two Rossmann-like ?/?/? domains and a cleft located between the N- and C-domains containing two cavities that are used as binding sites for the donor (UDP-Glc) and acceptor substrates. By comparing the structure of Ct3GT-A with that of the flavonoid glycosyltransferase VvGT1 from red grape (Vitis vinifera) in complex with UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro glucose and kaempferol, locations of the catalytic His-Asp dyad and the residues involved in recognizing UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro glucose were essentially identical in Ct3GT-A, but certain residues of VvGT1 involved in binding kaempferol were found to be substituted in Ct3GT-A. These findings are important for understanding the differentiation of acceptor-substrate recognition in these two enzymes.

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Isolation and characterization of rhizobia from nodules of Clitoria ternatea in Thailand.

Project description:Rhizobia were isolated from the root nodules of Clitoria ternatea in Thailand. The phylogeny of the isolates was investigated using 16S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from 16S to 23S rDNA. The phylogenetic tree of the 16S rDNA showed that ten of the eleven isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and one belonged to Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The topology of the ITS tree was similar to that of 16S rDNA. The acetylene reduction activity was higher for the nodules inoculated with the isolated B. elkanii strains than for those inoculated with B. japonicum strains. When C. ternatea plants were inoculated with various Bradyrhizobium USDA strains isolated from Glycine max, C. ternatea formed many effective nodules with B. elkanii, especially USDA61. However, acetylene reduction activity per plant and the growth were higher in C. ternatea inoculated with our isolates. From these data we propose that effective rhizobia inoculant were identified for C. ternatea cultivation.

| S-EPMC6879394 | biostudies-literature

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