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Antibody mounting capability of 1D/2D carbonaceous nanomaterials toward rapid-specific detection of SARS-CoV-2.

ABSTRACT: Carbonaceous immunosensors are ideal nanoplatforms for developing rapid, precise, and ultra-specific diagnostic kits capable of early detection of viral infectious illnesses such as COVID-19. However, developing a proper carbonic immunosensor requires stepwise protocols to find optimum operating conditions to minimize drawbacks. Herein, for the first time and through a stepwise protocol, activation, and monoclonal IgG antibody mounting capability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at two diverse outer diameters (ODs), viz., 20-30 nm and 50-80 nm, and graphene deriv atives (graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) were examined and compared with each other toward finding the prime carbonaceous nanomaterial(s) for maximized antibody loading efficiency along with an ideal detection limit (DL) and sensitivity. Next, the effect of common amplifying agents, i.e., Au nanostars (Au NSs) and Ag nanowires (Ag NWs), on the total performance of the best carbonaceous structure was carefully assessed, and the responsible detection mechanism is investigated in detail. Next, the developed carbonaceous immunosensors were assessed via voltammetric and impedance assays, and their performances toward specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen through immunoreaction were examined in detail. The study's outcome showed the superior performance of conjugated rGO-based immunosensor with Au NSs toward specific and quick (1 min) detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in biological fluids compared with other 1D/2D carbonaceous nanomaterials.

SUBMITTER: Hashemi SA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8628627 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundSemen quality parameters are potentially affected by nanomaterials in several ways: Inhaled nanosized particles are potent inducers of pulmonary inflammation, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators. Small amounts of particles may translocate from the lungs into the lung capillaries, enter the systemic circulation and ultimately reach the testes. Both the inflammatory response and the particles may induce oxidative stress which can directly affect spermatogenesis. Furthermore, spermatogenesis may be indirectly affected by changes in the hormonal milieu as systemic inflammation is a potential modulator of endocrine function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pulmonary exposure to carbonaceous nanomaterials on sperm quality parameters in an experimental mouse model.MethodsEffects on sperm quality after pulmonary inflammation induced by carbonaceous nanomaterials were investigated by intratracheally instilling sexually mature male NMRI mice with four different carbonaceous nanomaterials dispersed in nanopure water: graphene oxide (18 μg/mouse/i.t.), Flammruss 101, Printex 90 and SRM1650b (0.1 mg/mouse/i.t. each) weekly for seven consecutive weeks. Pulmonary inflammation was determined by differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Epididymal sperm concentration and motility were measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Epididymal sperm viability and morphological abnormalities were assessed manually using Hoechst 33,342/PI flourescent and Spermac staining, respectively. Epididymal sperm were assessed with regard to sperm DNA integrity (damage). Daily sperm production was measured in the testis, and testosterone levels were measured in blood plasma by ELISA.ResultsNeutrophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar fluid showed sustained inflammatory response in the nanoparticle-exposed groups one week after the last instillation. No significant changes in epididymal sperm parameters, daily sperm production or plasma testosterone levels were found.ConclusionDespite the sustained pulmonary inflammatory response, an eight week exposure to graphene oxide, Flammruss 101, Printex 90 and the diesel particle SRM1650b in the present study did not appear to affect semen parameters, daily sperm production or testosterone concentration in male NMRI mice.

Project description:Understanding how cells migrate in fibrous environments is important in wound healing, immune function, and cancer progression. A key question is how fiber orientation and network geometry influence cell movement. Here we describe a quantitative, modeling-based approach toward identifying the mechanisms by which cells migrate in fibrous geometries having well controlled orientation. Specifically, U251 glioblastoma cells were seeded onto non-electrospinning Spinneret based tunable engineering parameters fiber substrates that consist of networks of suspended 400 nm diameter nanofibers. Cells were classified based on the local fiber geometry and cell migration dynamics observed by light microscopy. Cells were found in three distinct geometries: adhering two a single fiber, adhering to two parallel fibers, and adhering to a network of orthogonal fibers. Cells adhering to a single fiber or two parallel fibers can only move in one dimension along the fiber axis, whereas cells on a network of orthogonal fibers can move in two dimensions. We found that cells move faster and more persistently in 1D geometries than in 2D, with cell migration being faster on parallel fibers than on single fibers. To explain these behaviors mechanistically, we simulated cell migration in the three different geometries using a motor-clutch based model for cell traction forces. Using nearly identical parameter sets for each of the three cases, we found that the simulated cells naturally replicated the reduced migration in 2D relative to 1D geometries. In addition, the modestly faster 1D migration on parallel fibers relative to single fibers was captured using a correspondingly modest increase in the number of clutches to reflect increased surface area of adhesion on parallel fibers. Overall, the integrated modeling and experimental analysis shows that cell migration in response to varying fibrous geometries can be explained by a simple mechanical readout of geometry via a motor-clutch mechanism.

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Antibody mounting capability of 1D/2D carbonaceous nanomaterials toward rapid-specific detection of SARS-CoV-2.

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