Trends in Incidence and Clinical Outcomes of Clostridioides difficile Infection, Hong Kong.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Guo CLT
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8632188 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundEfforts to prevent Clostridioides difficile infection continue to expand across the health care spectrum in the United States. Whether these efforts are reducing the national burden of C. difficile infection is unclear.MethodsThe Emerging Infections Program identified cases of C. difficile infection (stool specimens positive for C. difficile in a person ≥1 year of age with no positive test in the previous 8 weeks) in 10 U.S. sites. We used case and census sampling weights to estimate the national burden of C. difficile infection, first recurrences, hospitalizations, and in-hospital deaths from 2011 through 2017. Health care-associated infections were defined as those with onset in a health care facility or associated with recent admission to a health care facility; all others were classified as community-associated infections. For trend analyses, we used weighted random-intercept models with negative binomial distribution and logistic-regression models to adjust for the higher sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) as compared with other test types.ResultsThe number of cases of C. difficile infection in the 10 U.S. sites was 15,461 in 2011 (10,177 health care-associated and 5284 community-associated cases) and 15,512 in 2017 (7973 health care-associated and 7539 community-associated cases). The estimated national burden of C. difficile infection was 476,400 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 419,900 to 532,900) in 2011 and 462,100 cases (95% CI, 428,600 to 495,600) in 2017. With accounting for NAAT use, the adjusted estimate of the total burden of C. difficile infection decreased by 24% (95% CI, 6 to 36) from 2011 through 2017; the adjusted estimate of the national burden of health care-associated C. difficile infection decreased by 36% (95% CI, 24 to 54), whereas the adjusted estimate of the national burden of community-associated C. difficile infection was unchanged. The adjusted estimate of the burden of hospitalizations for C. difficile infection decreased by 24% (95% CI, 0 to 48), whereas the adjusted estimates of the burden of first recurrences and in-hospital deaths did not change significantly.ConclusionsThe estimated national burden of C. difficile infection and associated hospitalizations decreased from 2011 through 2017, owing to a decline in health care-associated infections. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
| S-EPMC7861882 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea and can sometimes lead to pseudo-membranous colitis and toxic megacolon. We previously reported that the PCR ribotype 002 was a common C. difficile ribotype in Hong Kong that was associated with increased mortality. In this study, we assessed in vitro bacteriological characteristics and in vivo virulence of ribotype 002 compared to other common ribotypes, including ribotypes 012, 014 and 046. We observed significantly higher toxin A (p < 0.05) and toxin B (p < 0.05) production, sporulation (p < 0.001) and germination rates (p < 0.0001) in ribotype 002 than other common ribotypes. In a murine model of C. difficile infection, ribotype 002 caused significantly more weight loss (p < 0.001) and histological damage (p < 0.001) than other common ribotypes. These findings may have contributed to the higher prevalence and mortality observed, and provided mechanistic insights that can help public surveillance and develop novel therapeutics to combat against this infection.
| S-EPMC7144233 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceLittle is known about the incidence and outcomes of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.ObjectiveTo estimate the CDI incidence and outcomes in SOT recipients.Design, setting, and participantsA population-based cohort study was conducted using administrative health care data for all Ontario, Canada, residents who received organ allografts from April 1, 2003, to December 31, 2017; March 31, 2020, was the end of the study period.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was hospital admission with CDI diagnosis. The secondary outcomes included all-cause death, intensive care unit admission, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, and fulminant CDI comprising any of the following: toxic megacolon, ileus, perforation, or colectomy. The association between short- vs long-term mortality (ie, death occurring within or after 90 days post-CDI) and the following variables was evaluated: age, sex, Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index, SOT type, early- vs late-onset CDI, fulminant CDI, intensive care unit admission, and acute kidney injury requiring acute dialysis.ResultsOverall, 10 724 SOT recipients (6901 [64.4%] men; median age, 54 [IQR, 44-62] years) were eligible. Kidney transplant was the most common SOT type (6453 [60.2%]). The median follow-up time was 5.0 (IQR, 2.3-8.8) years, resulting in 61 987 person-years of follow-up. A total of 726 patients (6.8%) were hospitalized with CDI. The 1-year CDI incidence significantly increased in annual cohorts (ie, from 23.1; 95% CI, 12.8-41.8 per 1000 person-years in 2004 to 46.7; 95% CI, 35.0-62.3 per 1000 person-years in 2017; P = .001). Clostridioides difficile was associated with a 16.8% rate (n = 122) of 90-day mortality. In patients who underwent kidney transplant, CDI was typically late-onset (median interval, 2.2; IQR, 0.4-6.0 years) compared with recipients of other organs. Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis was significantly associated with short-term (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.86; 95% CI, 1.07-3.26) and long-term (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.89; 95% CI, 1.29-2.78) mortality, and late-onset CDI was also significantly associated with a greater risk of short-term (aOR, 4.26; 95% CI, 2.51-7.22) and long-term (aHR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.78-3.49) mortality.Conclusions and relevanceIn this study, increasing CDI trends in annual cohorts of SOT recipients were observed. Posttransplant CDI was associated with mortality, and late-onset CDI was associated with a greater risk of death than early-onset CDI. These findings suggest that preventive strategies should not be limited to the initial months following transplantation. Comprehensive therapeutic approaches targeting acute kidney injury risk factors in SOT recipients may reduce short- and long-term post-CDI mortality.
| S-EPMC8717111 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hong Kong has an ageing Chinese population with high life expectancy and a rising number of cancer cases. While population ageing could lead to higher incidence, we aim to quantify the demographic and epidemiological contributions to this trend by disentangling the effect of these factors. We analysed secular trends of cancer incidences of all cancer sites combined, including the five top cancers in men and women in Hong Kong in 1983-2017, by disentangling effects of demographics (ageing population and population growth) and cancer risk/rate change using the RiskDiff methodology. Overall, age-standardised incidences of all cancers combined in women and in men declined over the study period (-5.3% for women, -30.2% for men), but total incident cancer case counts increased dramatically (156.5% for women, 96% for men). This increase was primarily due to ageing and increasing population (95% age, 66.1% growth for women, and 119.4% age, 25.4% growth for men), while disease risk for all cancers combined has a decreasing trend (-4.5% for women and -48.8% for men). For the site-specific risk changes among the most five common cancer types, there were increases in risks of prostate and colorectal cancers in men, and breast, endometrial, and thyroid cancers in women. Demographic changes and ageing in our Chinese population resulted in a marked increase in the number of cancer diagnoses in Hong Kong in past decades. The surge in incident case counts overall is expected to stress the healthcare system in terms of the increased demand of healthcare professionals. Cancer surveillance should be enhanced in view of the growing demand from older patients and the cancer types with fast-increasing incidence rates in our population.
| S-EPMC8616530 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThis study analyzed the incidence of ovarian cancer in Hong Kong and its association with age, calendar period and birth cohort, made projections through 2030, and attributed differences in new cancer cases to demographic and epidemiologic changes.Material and methodsIncidence data for ovarian cancer were obtained from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry. We employed the age-period-cohort modeling approach to investigate the association between ovarian cancer incidence and age in Hong Kong women, with particular emphasis on examining the changing trends of period and cohort effects on incidence. We projected the incidence of ovarian cancer in Hong Kong between 2018 and 2030 and attributed the rise in new cancer cases to epidemiologic and demographic shifts.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2017, a total of 11 182 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer in Hong Kong. Crude and age-standardized rates increased from 8.2 and 7.8 per 100 000 person-years to 16.3 and 11.5 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. New cases of ovarian cancer rose from 225 in 1990 to 645 in 2017. We observed an increased risk of ovarian cancer throughout the study period and in the post-1940 birth cohort. The projected incidence rate and new cases of ovarian cancer are expected to continue growing due to demographic and epidemiologic changes such as fertility patterns and lifestyle factors, with an estimated 981 cases in 2030.ConclusionsThe period risk and cohort risk of ovarian cancer among Hong Kong women is increasing. Demographic and epidemiologic changes may continue to increase ovarian cancer incidence and new cases in Hong Kong.
| S-EPMC10333670 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLiver cancer remains a significant burden in Hong Kong. We sought to examine trends in liver cancer incidence using 30 years of cancer registry data in Hong Kong. Additionally, we aimed to assess the impact of age, period and birth cohort on liver cancer incidence, provided projections for liver cancer incidence until 2030, and examined the drivers of liver cancer incidence.MethodsData on liver cancer incidence were collected from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry (HKCaR). We assessed age, period, and birth cohort effects using age-period-cohort (APC) models. We employed Bayesian APC analysis with integrated nested Laplace approximations to project the future burden of liver cancer in Hong Kong. Furthermore, we attributed the changes in new liver cancer cases to population growth, population ageing, and epidemiological changes.ResultsThe study included a total of 51,333 individuals, of whom 39,287 (76.53%) were male. From 1991 to 2020, the age-standardized liver cancer incidence rate in Hong Kong continued declining, while the number of new cases increased significantly, especially among males. The net drift, representing the overall annual percentage change of the age-adjusted rate, was - 3.06% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.31% to -2.80%) for males and - 3.85% (95% CI: -4.61% to -3.09%) for females. Local drift, which estimates the annual percentage change over time specific to age group, decreased in all age groups for both sexes, with a more pronounced decrease in younger age groups. The period and cohort risk of developing liver cancer also showed decreasing trends for both sexes. The study projected a decline in liver cancer cases for males but an increase for females in Hong Kong, with an estimated 1,083 cases in males and 710 cases in females by 2030. Demographic decomposition analysis revealed that while population growth and ageing were the main drivers of increased liver cancer cases, epidemiologic shifts mostly offset these factors.ConclusionThe period and cohort risk of developing liver cancer in Hong Kong declined due to epidemiological changes. Although the age-standardized incidence rates of liver cancer have also declined, demographic and epidemiological factors have led to lower case expectations in males but a likely increase in females. Further research and epidemiological assessment of the disease are needed.
| S-EPMC10548600 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo assess the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes associated with (Clostridioides difficile infection) CDI following urological surgery, which is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea and a growing public health burden.MethodsWe queried the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to identify patients undergoing urological surgery in 2015-2016. We evaluated the 30-day incidence and factors associated with postoperative CDI and 30-day hospital readmission and length of stay as secondary outcomes. Among the subset of patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diversion (surgery with highest CDI incidence) we used multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate independent clinical and demographic factors associated with postoperative CDI.ResultsWe identified 98,463 patients during the study period. The overall 30-day incidence of CDI was 0.31%, but varied considerably across surgery type. The risk of CDI was greatest following radical cystectomy with urinary diversion (2.72%) compared to all other urologic procedures (0.19%) and was associated with increased risk of hospital readmission (p < 0.0001), re-operation (p < 0.0001), and longer mean length of stay (p < 0.0001) in this cohort. Among patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diversion, multivariable logistic regression revealed that preoperative renal failure (OR: 5.30, 95% CI 1.13-24.9, p = 0.035) and blood loss requiring transfusion (OR: 1.67, 95% CI 1.15-2.44, p = 0.0075) were independently associated with CDI.ConclusionsIn a nationally representative cohort, the incidence of CDI was low but varied substantially across surgery types. CDI was most common following radical cystectomy and associated with potentially modifiable factors such as blood transfusion and significantly longer length of stay.
| S-EPMC7816064 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. There is little available data regarding risk factors of CDI for patients who undergo cardiac surgery. The study evaluated the course of CDI in patients after cardiac surgery. Methods Of 6,198 patients studied, 70 (1.1%) developed CDI. The control group consisted of 73 patients in whom CDI was excluded. Perioperative data and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results Patients with CDI were significantly older in comparison to the control group (median age 73.0 vs 67.0, P = 0.005) and more frequently received proton pump inhibitors, statins, β-blockers and acetylsalicylic acid before surgery (P = 0.008, P = 0.012, P = 0.004, and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, the presence of atherosclerosis, coronary disease and history of malignant neoplasms correlated positively with the development of CDI (P = 0.012, P = 0.036 and P = 0.05, respectively). There were no differences in the type or timing of surgery, aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass time, volume of postoperative drainage and administration of blood products between the studied groups. Relapse was more common among overweight patients with high postoperative plasma glucose or patients with higher C-reactive protein during the first episode of CDI, as well as those with a history of coronary disease or diabetes mellitus (P = 0.005, P = 0.030, P = 0.009, P = 0.049, and P = 0.025, respectively). Fifteen patients died (21.4%) from the CDI group and 7 (9.6%) from the control group (P = 0.050). Emergent procedures, prolonged stay in the intensive care unit, longer mechanical ventilation and high white blood cell count during the diarrhea were associated with higher mortality among patients with CDI (P = 0.05, P = 0.041, P = 0.004 and P = 0.007, respectively). Conclusions The study did not reveal any specific cardiac surgery-related risk factors for development of CDI.
| S-EPMC7531357 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hong Kong has the highest breast cancer incidence in Asia and studying secular changes in its rates may lead to hypotheses regarding disease aetiology and also predictions of future trends for China. We examined statistics from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry based on 26 566 cases of invasive breast cancer from 1973 to 1999. The trends in breast cancer incidence were studied using log-linear longitudinal models. We further analysed the independent effects of chronological age, time period and birth cohort on incidence trends using age-period-cohort modelling. The average annual per cent change of the age-standardised incidence was 3.6% during 1973-1999. Age-period-cohort modelling indicated the incidence development was predominantly a cohort effect, where the rise in relative risk was seemingly linear in successive birth cohorts, showing a 2-3-fold difference when comparing women born in the 1960's with those born around 1900. Our results suggest that direct and indirect consequences of westernisation may have been responsible for most of the observed increase in breast cancer incidence. As China moves towards a more westernised way of life, we can expect an emerging epidemic of breast cancer as Hong Kong's experience has demonstrated.
| S-EPMC2364319 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundThe 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America/Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (IDSA/SHEA) Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection (CDI) guideline update recommended treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin for CDI. We aimed to examine outpatient CDI treatment utilization before and after the guideline update and compare clinical outcomes associated with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin use.MethodsA pre-post study design was employed using Medicare data. CDI treatment utilization and clinical outcomes (4- and 8-week sustained response, CDI recurrence) were compared between patients indexed from April-September 2017 (preguideline period) and those indexed from April-September 2018 (postguideline period). Clinical outcomes associated with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin were compared using propensity score-matched analyses.ResultsFrom the pre- to postguideline period, metronidazole use decreased (initial CDI: 81.2% to 53.5%; recurrent CDI: 49.7% to 27.6%) while vancomycin (initial CDI: 17.9% to 44.9%; recurrent CDI: 48.1% to 66.4%) and fidaxomicin (initial CDI: 0.87% to 1.63%; recurrent CDI: 2.2% to 6.0%) use increased significantly (P < .001 for all). However, clinical outcomes did not improve. In propensity score-matched analyses, fidaxomicin versus vancomycin users had 4-week sustained response rates that were higher by 13.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0%-22.9%; P = .0058) and 30.0% (95% CI, 16.8%-44.3%; P = .0002) in initial and recurrent CDI cohorts, respectively. Recurrence rates were numerically lower for fidaxomicin in both cohorts.ConclusionsVancomycin use increased and metronidazole use decreased after the 2017 guideline update. Fidaxomicin use increased but remained low. Improved outcomes associated with fidaxomicin relative to vancomycin suggest benefits from its greater use in Medicare patients.
| S-EPMC9578155 | biostudies-literature