Cost of maternal near miss and potentially life-threatening conditions, Kenya.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT: Objective
To estimate the direct costs of treating women with maternal near misses and potentially life-threatening conditions in Kenya and the factors associated with catastrophic health expenditure for these women and their households.Methods
As part of a prospective, nationally representative study of all women with near misses during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of delivery or termination of pregnancy, we compared the cost of treating maternal near-miss cases admitted to referral facilities with that of women with potentially life-threatening conditions. We used logistic regression analysis to assess clinical, demographic and household factors associated with catastrophic health expenditure.Findings
Of 3025 women, 1180 (39.0%) had maternal near misses and 1845 (61.0%) had potentially life-threatening conditions. The median cost of treating maternal near misses was 7135 Kenyan shillings (71 United States dollars, US$) compared with 2690 Kenyan shillings (US$ 27) for potentially life-threatening conditions. Of the women who made out-of-pocket payments, 26.4% (122/462) experienced catastrophic expenditure. The highest median costs for treatment of near misses were in Nairobi and Central region (22 220 Kenyan shillings; US$ 222). Women with ectopic pregnancy complications and pregnancy-related infections had the highest median costs of treatment, at 7800 Kenyan shillings (US$ 78) and 3000 Kenyan shillings (US$ 30), respectively. Pregnancy-related infections, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and treatment in secondary and tertiary facilities were significantly associated with catastrophic expenditure.Conclusion
The cost of treating maternal near misses is high and leads to catastrophic spending through out-of-pocket payments. Universal health coverage needs to be expanded to guarantee financial protection for vulnerable women.
SUBMITTER: Juma K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8640681 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:Objective:To analyse and improve the Namibian maternity care system by implementing maternal near-miss surveillance during 1 October 2018 and 31 March 2019, and identifying the challenges and benefits of such data collection. Methods:From the results of an initial feasibility study, we adapted the World Health Organization's criteria defining a maternal near miss to the Namibian health-care system. We visited most (27 out of 35) participating facilities before implementation and provided training on maternal near-miss identification and data collection. We visited all facilities at the end of the surveillance period to verify recorded data and to give staff the opportunity to provide feedback. Findings:During the 6-month period, we recorded 37?106 live births, 298 maternal near misses (8.0 per 1000 live births) and 23 maternal deaths (62.0 per 100?000 live births). We observed that obstetric haemorrhage and hypertensive disorders were the most common causes of maternal near misses (each 92/298; 30.9%). Of the 49 maternal near misses due to pregnancies with abortive outcomes, ectopic pregnancy was the most common cause (36/298; 12.1%). Fetal or neonatal outcomes were poor; only 50.3% (157/312) of the infants born to maternal near-miss mothers went home with their mother. Conclusion:Maternal near-miss surveillance is a useful intervention to identify within-country challenges, such as lack of access to caesarean section or hysterectomy. Knowledge of these challenges can be used by policy-makers and programme managers in the development of locally tailored targeted interventions to improve maternal outcome in their setting.
| S-EPMC7411319 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe maternal near-miss concept has been developed as an instrument for assisting health systems to evaluate and improve their quality of care. Our study aimed at studying the characteristics and quality of care provided to women with severe complications in Baghdad through the use of the World Health Organization (WHO) near-miss approach for maternal health.MethodsThis is a facility-based, cross-sectional study conducted in 6 public hospitals in Baghdad between March 1, 2010 and the June 30, 2010. WHO near-miss approach was utilized to analyze the data in terms of indicators of maternal near miss and access to and quality of maternal care.ResultsThe maternal near-miss rate was low at 5.06 per 1,000 live births, while the overall maternal near miss: mortality ratio was 9:1. One third of the near-miss cases were referred from other facilities and the mortality index was the same for referred women and for in-hospital women (11%). The intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate was 37% for women with severe maternal outcomes (SMO), while the overall admission rate was 0.28%. Anemia (55%) and previous cesarean section (45%) were the most common associated conditions with severe maternal morbidity. The use of magnesium sulfate for treatment of eclampsia, oxytocin for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage, prophylactic antibiotics during caesarean section, and corticosteroids for inducing fetal lung maturation in preterm birth is suboptimum.ConclusionsThe WHO near-miss approach allowed systematic identification of the roadblocks to improve quality of care and then monitoring the progress. Critical evidence-based practices, relevant to the management of women experiencing life-threatening conditions, are underused. In addition, possible limitations in the referral system result in a very high proportion of women presenting at the hospital already in a severe health condition (i.e. with organ dysfunction). A shortage of ICU beds leading to women taken care of without admission to ICU may also contribute to a high proportion of maternal deaths and organ dysfunction.
| S-EPMC3558361 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAustralia has a maternal mortality ratio of 6.8/100000 live births, a rate akin to other developed countries and consistent with the high level care provided within the Australian health care system. With maternal mortality at very low levels assessment of severe maternal morbidity is increasingly being used as an indicator of quality of care and to identify areas for improvement in maternity services. The WHO maternal 'near miss' criteria is a standardised tool has been increasingly used worldwide to assess maternal morbidity and standards of maternity care. The aim of this study was to determine the rate and aetiology of maternal 'near misses' at King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEMH) using the WHO near miss criteria.MethodsCases of maternal 'near miss' were prospectively identified at KEMH using the WHO near miss criteria over a period of 6 months (1st December 2014 to 31st May 2015). A descriptive analysis of the results was undertaken.ResultsDuring the study there were 2773 live births with 19 women who had 'near miss' presentations. There were no maternal deaths. The maternal 'near miss' index rate was 7/1000 live births. The main causes of obstetric 'near miss' were obstetric haemorrhage, pre-eclampsia and early pregnancy complications.ConclusionThe rate of maternal 'near miss' at KEMH was 7/1000 live births and post-partum haemorrhage was identified as the most common aetiology, consistent with other studies in developed countries. Further research comparing currently utilised local, state and national morbidity systems would allow further validation of the WHO near miss criteria in Australian settings. The study presented in this publication was undertaken at King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Rd., Subiaco WA 6008.
| S-EPMC5996518 | biostudies-literature
Project description:There is international interest in monitoring severe events in the obstetrical population, commonly referred to as maternal near miss or severe maternal morbidity. These events can have significant consequences for individuals in this population and further study can inform practices to reduce both maternal morbidity and mortality. Numerous surveillance systems exist but we lack a standardized approach. Given the current inconsistencies and the importance in monitoring these events, this study aimed to identify and compare commonly used surveillance methods. In June 2018, we systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL using terms related to monitoring/surveillance and maternal near miss/severe maternal morbidity. We included papers that used at least three indicators to monitor for these events and collected data on specific surveillance methods. We calculated the rate of maternal near miss/severe maternal morbidity in hospitalization data obtained from the 2016 US National Inpatient Sample using five common surveillance methods. Of 18,832 abstracts, 178 papers were included in our review. 198 indicators were used in studies included in our review; 71.2% (n = 141) of these were used in <10% of included studies and only 6.1% (n = 12) were used in >50% of studies included in our review. Eclampsia was the only indicator that was assessed in >80% of included studies. The rate of these events in American hospitalization data varied depending on the criteria used, ranging from 5.07% (95% CI = 5.02, 5.11) with the Centers for Disease Control criteria and 7.85% (95% CI = 7.79, 7.91) using the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. Our review highlights inconsistencies in monitoring practices within and between developed and developing countries. Given the wide variation in monitoring approaches observed and the likely contributing factors for these differences, it may be more feasible for clinical and academic efforts to focus on standardizing approaches in developed and developing countries independently at this time. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42018096858.
| S-EPMC7259583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although the Kenyan government has made efforts to invest in maternal health over the past 15 years, there is no evidence of decline in maternal mortality. To provide necessary evidence to inform maternal health care provision, we conducted a nationally representative study to describe the incidence and causes of maternal near-miss (MNM), and the quality of obstetric care in referral hospitals in Kenya. We collected data from 54 referral hospitals in 27 counties. Individuals admitted with potentially life-threatening conditions (using World Health Organization criteria) in pregnancy, childbirth or puerperium over a three month study period were eligible for inclusion in our study. All cases of severe maternal outcome (SMO, MNM cases and deaths) were prospectively identified, and after consent, included in the study. The national annual incidence of MNM was 7.2 per 1,000 live births and the intra-hospital maternal mortality ratio was 36.2 per 100,000 live births. The major causes of SMOs were postpartum haemorrhage and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. However, only 77% of women with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia received magnesium sulphate and 67% with antepartum haemorrhage who needed blood received it. To reduce the burden of SMOs in Kenya, there is need for timely management of complications and improved access to essential emergency obstetric care interventions.
| S-EPMC7495416 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWith the reduction of maternal mortality, maternal near miss (MNM) has been used as a complementary indicator of maternal health. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of MNM in eastern Ethiopia using an adapted sub-Saharan Africa MNM tool and compare its applicability with the original WHO MNM tool.MethodsWe applied the sub-Saharan Africa and WHO MNM criteria to 1054 women admitted with potentially life-threatening conditions (including 28 deaths) in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital and Jugel Hospital between January 2016 and April 2017. Discharge records were examined to identify deaths or women who developed MNM according to the sub-Saharan or WHO criteria. We calculated and compared MNM and severe maternal outcome ratios. Mortality index (ratio of maternal deaths to SMO) was calculated as indicator of quality of care.ResultsThe sub-Saharan Africa criteria identified 594 cases of MNM and all the 28 deaths while the WHO criteria identified 128 cases of MNM and 26 deaths. There were 7404 livebirths during the same period. This gives MNM ratios of 80 versus 17 per 1000 live births for the adapted and original WHO criteria. Mortality index was 4.5% and 16.9% in the adapted and WHO criteria respectively. The major difference between the two criteria can be attributed to eclampsia, sepsis and differences in the threshold for transfusion of blood.ConclusionThe sub-Saharan Africa criteria identified all the MNM cases identified by the WHO criteria and all the maternal deaths. Applying the WHO criteria alone will cause under reporting of MNM cases (including maternal deaths) in this low-resource setting. The mortality index of 4.5% among women who fulfilled the adapted MNM criteria justifies labeling these women as having 'life-threatening conditions'.
| S-EPMC6235311 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionWHO proposes a set of organ-failure based criteria for maternal near miss. Our objective was to evaluate what implementation of these criteria would mean for the analysis of a cohort of 386 women in Thyolo District, Malawi, who sustained severe acute maternal morbidity according to disease-based criteria.Methods and findingsA WHO Maternal Near Miss (MNM) Tool, created to compare disease-, intervention- and organ-failure based criteria for maternal near miss, was completed for each woman, based on a review of all available medical records. Using disease-based criteria developed for the local setting, 341 (88%) of the 386 women fulfilled the WHO disease-based criteria provided by the WHO MNM Tool, 179 (46%) fulfilled the intervention-based criteria, and only 85 (22%) the suggested organ-failure based criteria.ConclusionsIn this low-resource setting, application of these organ-failure based criteria that require relatively sophisticated laboratory and clinical monitoring underestimates the occurrence of maternal near miss. Therefore, these criteria and the suggested WHO approach may not be suited to compare maternal near miss across all settings.
| S-EPMC3556078 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate the validity of WHO's near-miss approach in a low-resource, high maternal mortality setting.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingMnazi Mmoja Hospital, the main referral hospital of Zanzibar, Tanzania, from 1 April 2017 until 31 December 2018.PopulationAll women, pregnant or until 42 days after the end of pregnancy, admitted at Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, the tertiary referral hospital in Zanzibar.MethodsCases of maternal morbidity and mortality were evaluated according to WHO's near-miss approach. The approach's performance was determined by calculating its accuracy through sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative likelihood ratios. The approach's validity was assessed with Pearson's correlation coefficient between the number of organ dysfunction markers and risk of mortality.Main outcomes measuresCorrelation between number of organ dysfunction markers and risk of mortality, sensitivity and specificity.Results26,842 women were included. There were 335 with a severe maternal outcome: 256 maternal near-miss cases and 79 maternal deaths. No signs of organ dysfunction were documented in only 4 of the 79 cases of maternal death. The number of organ dysfunction markers was highly correlated to the risk of mortality with Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.89.ConclusionsWHO's near-miss approach adequately identifies women at high risk of maternal mortality in Zanzibar's referral hospital. There is a strong correlation between the number of markers of organ dysfunction and mortality risk.
| S-EPMC6522045 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn Morocco, there is little information on the circumstances surrounding maternal near misses. This study aimed to determine the incidence, characteristics, and determinants of maternal near misses in Morocco.MethodA prospective case-control study was conducted at 3 referral maternity hospitals in the Marrakech region of Morocco between February and July 2012. Near-miss cases included severe hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, and prolonged obstructed labor. Three unmatched controls were selected for each near-miss case. Three categories of risk factors (sociodemographics, reproductive history, and delays), as well as perinatal outcomes, were assessed, and bivariate and multivariate analyses of the determinants were performed. A sample of 30 near misses and 30 non-near misses was interviewed.ResultsThe incidence of near misses was 12‰ of births. Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (45%) and severe hemorrhage (39%) were the most frequent direct causes of near miss. The main risk factors were illiteracy [OR = 2.35; 95% CI: (1.07-5.15)], lack of antenatal care [OR = 3.97; 95% CI: (1.42-11.09)], complications during pregnancy [OR = 2.81; 95% CI:(1.26-6.29)], and having experienced a first phase delay [OR = 8.71; 95% CI: (3.97-19.12)] and a first phase of third delay [OR = 4.03; 95% CI: (1.75-9.25)]. The main reasons for the first delay were lack of a family authority figure who could make a decision, lack of sufficient financial resources, lack of a vehicle, and fear of health facilities. The majority of near misses demonstrated a third delay with many referrals. The women's perceptions of the quality of their care highlighted the importance of information, good communication, and attitude.ConclusionWomen and newborns with serious obstetric complications have a greater chance of successful outcomes if they are immediately directed to a functioning referral hospital and if the providers are responsive.
| S-EPMC4303272 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AIM: To determine the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) worldwide (near miss). METHOD: Systematic review of all available data. The methodology followed a pre-defined protocol, an extensive search strategy of 10 electronic databases as well as other sources. Articles were evaluated according to specified inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using data extraction instrument which collects additional information on the quality of reporting including definitions and identification of cases. Data were entered into a specially constructed database and tabulated using SAS statistical management and analysis software. RESULTS: A total of 30 studies are included in the systematic review. Designs are mainly cross-sectional and 24 were conducted in hospital settings, mostly teaching hospitals. Fourteen studies report on a defined SAMM condition while the remainder use a response to an event such as admission to intensive care unit as a proxy for SAMM. Criteria for identification of cases vary widely across studies. Prevalences vary between 0.80% - 8.23% in studies that use disease-specific criteria while the range is 0.38% - 1.09% in the group that use organ-system based criteria and included unselected group of women. Rates are within the range of 0.01% and 2.99% in studies using management-based criteria. It is not possible to pool data together to provide summary estimates or comparisons between different settings due to variations in case-identification criteria. Nevertheless, there seems to be an inverse trend in prevalence with development status of a country. CONCLUSION: There is a clear need to set uniform criteria to classify patients as SAMM. This standardisation could be made for similar settings separately. An organ-system dysfunction/failure approach is the most epidemiologically sound as it is least open to bias, and thus could permit developing summary estimates.
| S-EPMC516581 | biostudies-literature