Starch, cellulose, pectin, gum, alginate, chitin and chitosan derived (nano)materials for sustainable water treatment: A review.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Nasrollahzadeh M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8648070 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:A method was developed in which cellulose (CEL) and/or chitosan (CS) were added to keratin (KER) to enable [CEL/CS+KER] composites to have better mechanical strength and wider utilization. Butylmethylimmidazolium chloride ([BMIm(+)Cl(-)]), an ionic liquid, was used as the sole solvent, and because the [BMIm(+)Cl(-)] used was recovered, the method is green and recyclable. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirm that KER, CS, and CEL remain chemically intact in the composites. Tensile strength results expectedly show that adding CEL or CS into KER substantially increases the mechanical strength of the composites. We found that CEL, CS, and KER can encapsulate drugs such as ciprofloxacin (CPX) and then release the drug either as a single or as two- or three-component composites. Interestingly, release rates of CPX by CEL and CS either as a single or as [CEL+CS] composite are faster and independent of concentration of CS and CEL. Conversely, the release rate by KER is much slower, and when incorporated into CEL, CS, or CEL+CS, it substantially slows the rate as well. Furthermore, the reducing rate was found to correlate with the concentration of KER in the composites. KER, a protein, is known to have secondary structure, whereas CEL and CS exist only in random form. This makes KER structurally denser than CEL and CS; hence, KER releases the drug slower than CEL and CS. The results clearly indicate that drug release can be controlled and adjusted at any rate by judiciously selecting the concentration of KER in the composites. Furthermore, the fact that the [CEL+CS+KER] composite has combined properties of its components, namely, superior mechanical strength (CEL), hemostasis and bactericide (CS), and controlled drug release (KER), indicates that this novel composite can be used in ways which hitherto were not possible, e.g., as a high-performance bandage to treat chronic and ulcerous wounds.
| S-EPMC4318626 | biostudies-literature
Project description:It is common knowledge that pure alginate hydrogel is more likely to have weak mechanical strength, a lack of cell recognition sites, extensive swelling and uncontrolled degradation, and thus be unable to satisfy the demands of the ideal scaffold. To address these problems, we attempted to fabricate alginate/bacterial cellulose nanocrystals-chitosan-gelatin (Alg/BCNs-CS-GT) composite scaffolds using the combined method involving the incorporation of BCNs in the alginate matrix, internal gelation through the hydroxyapatite-d-glucono-δ-lactone (HAP-GDL) complex, and layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes. Meanwhile, the effect of various contents of BCNs on the scaffold morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and swelling and degradation behavior was investigated. The experimental results showed that the fabricated Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds exhibited regular 3D morphologies and well-developed pore structures. With the increase in BCNs content, the pore size of Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was gradually reduced from 200 μm to 70 μm. Furthermore, BCNs were fully embedded in the alginate matrix through the intermolecular hydrogen bond with alginate. Moreover, the addition of BCNs could effectively control the swelling and biodegradation of the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity studies indicated that the porous fiber network of BCNs could fully mimic the extracellular matrix structure, which promoted the adhesion and spreading of MG63 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells on the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. In addition, these cells could grow in the 3D-porous structure of composite scaffolds, which exhibited good proliferative viability. Based on the effect of BCNs on the cytocompatibility of composite scaffolds, the optimum BCNs content for the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was 0.2% (w/v). On the basis of good merits, such as regular 3D morphology, well-developed pore structure, controlled swelling and biodegradation behavior, and good cytocompatibility, the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds may exhibit great potential as the ideal scaffold in the bone tissue engineering field.
| S-EPMC8400783 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In this study, green composite films based on cellulose nanocrystal/chitosan (CNC/CS) were fabricated by solution casting. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM characterizations were conducted to determine the structure and morphology of the prepared films. The addition of only 4 wt.% CNC in the CS film improved the tensile strength and Young's modulus by up to 39% and 78%, respectively. Depending on CNC content, the moisture absorption decreased by 34.1-24.2% and the water solubility decreased by 35.7-26.5% for the composite films compared with neat CS film. The water vapor permeation decreased from 3.83 × 10-11 to 2.41 × 10-11 gm-1 s-1Pa-1 in the CS-based films loaded with (0-8 wt.%) CNC. The water and UV barrier properties of the composite films showed better performance than those of neat CS film. Results suggested that CNC/CS nanocomposite films can be used as a sustainable packaging material in the food industry.
| S-EPMC7023618 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of the study was to characterize and compare films made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), nano-fibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in combination with chitosan and alginate in terms of applicability for potential food packaging applications. In total, 25 different formulations were made and evaluated, and seven biopolymer films with the best mechanical performance (tensile strength, strain)-alginate, alginate with 5% CNC, chitosan, chitosan with 3% CNC, BNC with and without glycerol, and CNF with glycerol-were selected and investigated regarding morphology (SEM), density, contact angle, surface energy, water absorption, and oxygen and water barrier properties. Studies revealed that polysaccharide-based films with added CNC are the most suitable for packaging purposes, and better dispersing of nanocellulose in chitosan than in alginate was observed. Results showed an increase in hydrophobicity (increase of contact angle and reduced moisture absorption) of chitosan and alginate films with the addition of CNC, and chitosan with 3% CNC had the highest contact angle, 108 ± 2, and 15% lower moisture absorption compared to pure chitosan. Overall, the ability of nanocellulose additives to preserve the structure and function of chitosan and alginate materials in a humid environment was convincingly demonstrated. Barrier properties were improved by combining the biopolymers, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was reduced by 15-45% and oxygen permeability (OTR) up to 45% by adding nanocellulose compared to single biopolymer formulations. It was concluded that with a good oxygen barrier, a water barrier that is comparable to PLA, and good mechanical properties, biopolymer films would be a good alternative to conventional plastic packaging used for ready-to-eat foods with short storage time.
| S-EPMC8348297 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We developed a simple and one-step method to prepare biocompatible composites from cellulose (CEL) and chitosan (CS). [BMIm(+)Cl(-)], an ionic liquid (IL), was used as a green solvent to dissolve and prepare the [CEL+CS] composites. Since majority (>88%) of IL used was recovered for reuse by distilling the aqueous washings of [CEL+CS], the method is recyclable. XRD, FTIR, NIR, (13)C CP-MAS-NMR and SEM were used to monitor the dissolution and to characterize the composites. The composite was found to have combined advantages of their components: superior mechanical strength (from CEL) and excellent adsorption capability for microcystin-LR, a deadly toxin produced by cyanobacteria (from CS). Specifically, the mechanical strength of the composites increased with CEL loading; e.g., up to 5× increase in tensile strength was achieved by adding 80% of CEL into CS. Kinetic results of adsorption confirm that unique properties of CS remain intact in the composite, i.e., it is not only a very good adsorbent for microcystin but also is better than all other available adsorbents. For example, it can adsorb 4× times more microcystin than the best reported adsorbent. Importantly, the microcystin adsorbed can be quantitatively desorbed to enable the composite to be reused with similar adsorption efficiency.
| S-EPMC3660506 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This work describes the effects of different plasticizers, namely, glycerol, triacetin, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2 mim][OAc]), on the structure and properties of thermomechanically processed, bulk chitosan and chitosan/alginate materials. Mechanical data shows that, for the chitosan matrix, glycerol and [C2 mim][OAc] were highly effective at reducing intra- and intermolecular forces between biopolymer chains, leading to increased ductility, while the plasticization effect of triacetin was minor. Nonetheless, this triester effectively suppressed biopolymer recrystallization, whereas [C2 mim][OAc] promoted it. In contrast, for the chitosan/alginate matrix, inclusion of triacetin resulted in increased recrystallization, higher thermal stability, and excellent mechanical properties. The triacetin assisted the interactions between biopolymer chains in this polyelectrolyte complexed system. In contrast, the chitosan/alginate material plasticized by [C2 mim][OAc] displayed the most apparent phase separation, poorest mechanical properties, and highest surface hydrophilicity, behavior associated with the disruption of polyelectrolyte complexation and hydrogen bonding between biopolymer chains. Interestingly, the formation of a "new structure" under the electron beam during microscopy imaging was observed, likely from coordination between alginate and [C2 mim][OAc]. Thus, this work has revealed the strong and unexpected effects of three different plasticizers on the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions within chitosan/alginate polyelectrolyte complexed materials, which have potential for biomedical applications where balanced hydrophilicity and mechanical properties are required.
| S-EPMC7886053 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A method was developed in which cellulose (CEL) and/or chitosan (CS) were added to keratin (KER) to enable [CEL/CS+KER] composites formed to have better mechanical strength and wider utilization. Butylmethylimmidazolium chloride ([BMIm+Cl-]), an ionic liquid, was used as the sole solvent, and because the majority of [BMIm+Cl-] used (at least 88%) was recovered, the method is green and recyclable. FTIR, XRD, 13C CP-MAS NMR and SEM results confirm that KER, CS and CEL remain chemically intact and distributed homogeneously in the composites. We successfully demonstrate that the widely used method based on the deconvolution of the FTIR bands of amide bonds to determine secondary structure of proteins is relatively subjective as the conformation obtained is strongly dependent on the choice of parameters selected for curve fitting. A new method, based on the partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) of the amide bands, was developed, and proven to be objective and can provide more accurate information. Results obtained with this method agree well with those by XRD, namely they indicate that although KER retains its second structure when incorporated into the [CEL+CS] composites, it has relatively lower ?-helix, higher ?-turn and random form compared to that of the KER in native wool. It seems that during dissolution by [BMIm+Cl-], the inter- and intramolecular forces in KER were broken thereby destroying its secondary structure. During regeneration, these interactions were reestablished to reform partially the secondary structure. However, in the presence of either CEL or CS, the chains seem to prefer the extended form thereby hindering reformation of the ?-helix. Consequently, the KER in these matrices may adopt structures with lower content of ?-helix and higher ?-sheet. As anticipated, results of tensile strength and TGA confirm that adding CEL or CS into KER substantially increase the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the [CS/CEL+KER] composites.
| S-EPMC4889018 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report the manufacturing and characterization of poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and micro cellulose (MCC) woody-like composites. These composites can be applied as a sustainable woody-like composite alternative to conventional fossil polymer-based wood-plastic composites (WPC). The PBS/MCC composites were prepared by using a melt blending of 70 wt% of MCC processed from bleached softwood. MCC was modified to enhance dispersion and compatibility by way of carbodiimide (CDI), polyhydroxy amides (PHA), alkyl ester (EST), (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), maleic acid anhydride (MAH), and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI). The addition of filler into PBS led to a 4.5-fold improvement of Young's modulus E for the MCC composite, in comparison to neat PBS. The 1.6-fold increase of E was obtained for CDI modified composition in comparison to the unmodified MCC composite. At room temperature, the storage modulus E' was found to improve by almost 4-fold for the APTMS composite. The EST composite showed a pronounced enhancement in viscoelasticity properties due to the introduction of flexible long alkyl chains in comparison to other compositions. The glass transition temperature was directly affected by the composition and its value was -15 °C for PBS, -30 °C for EST, and -10 °C for MAH composites. FTIR indicated the generation of strong bonding between the polymer and cellulose components in the composite. Scanning electron microscopy analysis evidenced the agglomeration of the MCC in the PBS/MCC composites. PMDI, APTMS, and CDI composites were characterized by the uniform dispersion of MCC particles and a decrease of polymer crystallinity. MCC chemical modification induced the enhancement of the thermal stability of MCC composites.
| S-EPMC6982959 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sustainable structural materials with light weight, great thermal dimensional stability, and superb mechanical properties are vitally important for engineering application, but the intrinsic conflict among some material properties (e.g., strength and toughness) makes it challenging to realize these performance indexes at the same time under wide service conditions. Here, we report a robust and feasible strategy to process cellulose nanofiber (CNF) into a high-performance sustainable bulk structural material with low density, excellent strength and toughness, and great thermal dimensional stability. The obtained cellulose nanofiber plate (CNFP) has high specific strength [~198 MPa/(Mg m-3)], high specific impact toughness [~67 kJ m-2/(Mg m-3)], and low thermal expansion coefficient (<5 × 10-6 K-1), which shows distinct and superior properties to typical polymers, metals, and ceramics, making it a low-cost, high-performance, and environmental-friendly alternative for engineering requirement, especially for aerospace applications.
| S-EPMC7195169 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Dyes are classified as one of the major pollutants of water. They have negative impacts not only on environment but also on human health. In fact, wastewater that contains these harmful substances requires many types of treatments. Therefore, alternative methods and adsorption agents are needed. Herein, we propose to evaluate the decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) as two models of soluble dyes from water using chitin and chitosan-graft-polyacrylamide. Furthermore, the applicability of these biomacromolecules as alternative adsorption agents, their sticking probability and desorption were also examined. Experimental parameters such as dye concentration, contact time, pH solution, adsorbent dosage and temperature were thoroughly examined for the grafted chitosan and chitin. The activation energy ( E a ) and the thermodynamic variables (i.e., standard Gibb's free energy ( Δ G 0 ), standard enthalpy ( Δ H 0 ), and standard entropy ( Δ S 0 )) were determined using the Van't Hoff and Arrhenius equations. The sticking probability ( S *) model for MB and MO removal by chitin and the chitosan derivative demonstrated that both dyes were successfully removed under the proposed conditions. Desorption studies of MB and MO showed the reusability of both materials, suggesting their application for removing dyes from aqueous solution.
| S-EPMC6384594 | biostudies-literature