Ambient Cumulative PM2.5 Exposure and the Risk of Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Huang HL
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8656990 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:We conducted a meta-analysis to examinine the relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence and mortality. In total, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria and provided information necessary to estimate the change in lung cancer risk per 10 ?g/m3 increase in exposure to PM2.5. The random-effects model was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) for specific PM2.5 values. The meta-estimate for lung cancer risk associated with PM2.5 was 1.11 for mortality (95% CI: 1.05, 1.18) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) for incidence. Analyses by continent showed that the meta-estimate for lung cancer mortality associated with PM2.5 was greatest in North America [1.15 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.24)], followed by Asia [1.12 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.35)], and then Europe [1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.10)]. Lung cancer incidence associated with PM2.5 was greatest in Asia [1.09 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.15)], followed by North America [1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.11)], and then Europe [1.03 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.75)]. In subgroup analyses of country, the mortality meta-estimate for developed countries was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.23), and for developing countries was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.07). The incidence meta-estimate for developed countries was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.20), and was similar to that of developing countries, 1.07 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.09). In subgroup analyses of males and females, the meta-estimate for lung cancer mortality associated with PM2.5 was greater for males [1.26 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.40)] than for females [1.17 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.39)]. The meta-estimate for lung cancer incidence associated with PM2.5 was greater for males [1.23 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.81)] than for females [1.15 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.18)]. In subgroup analyses of smoking status, the meta-estimate for lung cancer mortality associated with PM2.5 for former smokers was 1.46 (95% CI: 0.84, 2.55), for current smokers was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.49), and for never smokers was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.33), respectively. The meta-estimate for lung cancer incidence associated with PM2.5 for former smokers was 1.19 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.50), for never smokers was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.59), and for current smokers was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.21). The relative risks of a relationship between PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence and mortality were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.18), respectively. These findings will provide some evidence for policy makers and public health practitioners worldwide.
| S-EPMC5522148 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:To conduct the first epidemiologic study prospectively examining the association between particulate matter air pollution?<?2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in the U.S. METHODS:Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) provided information on HCC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 from 16 population-based cancer registries across the U.S. Ambient PM2.5 exposure was estimated by linking the SEER county with a spatial PM2.5 model using a geographic information system. Poisson regression with robust variance estimation was used to calculate incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between ambient PM2.5 exposure per 10 µg/m3 increase and HCC risk adjusting for individual-level age at diagnosis, sex, race, year of diagnosis, SEER registry, and county-level information on health conditions, lifestyle, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. RESULTS:Higher levels of ambient PM2.5 exposure were associated with a statistically significant increased risk for HCC (n?=?56,245 cases; adjusted IRR per 10 µg/m3 increase?=?1.26, 95% CI 1.08, 1.47; p?<?0.01). CONCLUSIONS:If confirmed in studies with individual-level PM2.5 exposure and risk factor information, these results suggest that ambient PM2.5 exposure may be a risk factor for HCC in the U.S.
| S-EPMC5940508 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Using a case-crossover study design and conditional logistic regression, we compared the relative odds of transmural (full-wall) myocardial infarction (MI) calculated using exposure surrogates that account for human activity patterns and the indoor transport of ambient PM(2.5) with those calculated using central-site PM(2.5) concentrations to estimate exposure to PM(2.5) of outdoor origin (exposure to ambient PM(2.5)). Because variability in human activity and indoor PM(2.5) transport contributes exposure error in epidemiologic analyses when central-site concentrations are used as exposure surrogates, we refer to surrogates that account for this variability as "refined" surrogates. As an alternative analysis, we evaluated whether the relative odds of transmural MI associated with increases in ambient PM(2.5) is modified by residential air exchange rate (AER), a variable that influences the fraction of ambient PM(2.5) that penetrates and persists indoors. Use of refined exposure surrogates did not result in larger health effect estimates (ORs=1.10-1.11 with each interquartile range (IQR) increase), narrower confidence intervals, or better model fits compared with the analysis that used central-site PM(2.5). We did observe evidence for heterogeneity in the relative odds of transmural MI with residential AER (effect-modification), with residents of homes with higher AERs having larger ORs than homes in lower AER tertiles. For the level of exposure-estimate refinement considered here, our findings add support to the use of central-site PM(2.5) concentrations for epidemiological studies that use similar case-crossover study designs. In such designs, each subject serves as his or her own matched control. Thus, exposure error related to factors that vary spatially or across subjects should only minimally impact effect estimates. These findings also illustrate that variability in factors that influence the fraction of ambient PM(2.5) in indoor air (e.g., AER) could possibly bias health effect estimates in study designs for which a spatiotemporal comparison of exposure effects across subjects is conducted.
| S-EPMC4084717 | biostudies-literature
Project description:An increasing number of studies indicate air pollutants infiltrate into the brain. We aimed to find the association of cumulative air pollution exposure in the main body of primary brain tumor: glioblastoma (GBM). In this double-cohort, retrospective analysis study with a protocol, we compared the health effect of air pollution on the GBM patients from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program) in 27 U.S. counties from 10 states and GBM patients of Severance cohort of Korea. From 2000 to 2015, 10621 GBM patients of the SEER were individually evaluated for the cumulative average exposure for each pollutant, and 9444 (88.9%) mortality events were reported. From 2011 to 2018, 398 GBM patients of the Severance with the same protocol showed 259 (65.1%) mortality events. The multi-pollutant models show that the association level of risk with CO is increased in the SEER (HR 1.252; 95% CI 1.141-1.373) with an increasing linear trend of relative death rate in the spline curve. The Severance GBM data showed such a statistically significant result of the health impact of CO on GBM patients. The overall survival gain of the less exposure group against CO was 2 and 3 months in the two cohorts. Perioperative exposure to CO may increase the risk of shorter survival of GBM patients of the SEER and the Severance cohort.
| S-EPMC7724304 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Most studies have examined PM2.5 effects on lung cancer mortalities, while few nationwide studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the effects of PM2.5 on lung cancer incidences. To fill this gap, this work aims to examine the effects of PM2.5 exposure on annual incidence rates of lung cancer for males and females in China. We performed a nationwide analysis in 295 counties (districts) from 2006 to 2014. Two regression models were employed to analyse data controlling for time, location and socioeconomic characteristics. We also examined whether the estimates of PM2.5 effects are sensitive to the adjustment of health and behaviour covariates, and the issue of the changing cancer registries each year. We further investigated the modification effects of region, temperature and precipitation. Generally, we found significantly positive associations between PM2.5 and incidence rates of lung cancer for males and females. If concurrent PM2.5 changes by 10 g/m3, then the incidence rate relative to its baseline significantly changes by 4.20% (95% CI: 2.73%, 5.88%) and 2.48% (95% CI: 1.24%, 4.14%) for males and females, respectively. The effects of exposure to PM2.5 were still significant when further controlling for health and behaviour factors or using 5 year consecutive data from 91 counties. We found the evidence of long-term lag effects of PM2.5. We also found that temperature appeared to positively modify the effects of PM2.5 on the incidence rates of lung cancer for males. In conclusion, there were significantly adverse effects of PM2.5 on the incidence rates of lung cancer for both males and females in China. The estimated effect sizes might be considerably lower than those reported in developed countries. There were long-term lag effects of PM2.5 on lung cancer incidence in China.
| S-EPMC7084498 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundStudies on the extent to which long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5) contributes to adult mortality in India are few, despite over 99% of Indians being exposed to levels that the World Health Organization (WHO) considers unsafe.ObjectiveWe conducted a retrospective cohort study within the Million Death Study (MDS) to provide the first-ever quantification of national mortality from exposure to PM2.5 in India from 1999 to 2014.MethodsWe calculated relative risks (RRs) by linking a total of ten 3-y intervals of satellite-based estimated PM2.5 exposure to deaths 3 to 5 y later in over 7,400 small villages or urban blocks covering a total population of 6.8 million. We applied using a model-based geostatistical model, adjusted for individual age, sex, and year of death; smoking prevalence, rural/urban residency, area-level female illiteracy, languages, and spatial clustering and unit-level variation.ResultsPM2.5 exposure levels increased from 1999 to 2014, particularly in central and eastern India. Among 212,573 deaths at ages 15-69 y, after spatial adjustment, we found a significant RR of 1.09 [95% credible interval (CI): 1.04, 1.14] for stroke deaths per 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure, but no significant excess for deaths from chronic respiratory disease and ischemic heart disease (IHD), all nonaccidental causes, and total mortality (after excluding stroke). Spatial adjustment attenuated the RRs for chronic respiratory disease and IHD but raised those for stroke. The RRs were consistent in various sensitivity analyses with spatial adjustment, including stratifying by levels of solid fuel exposure, by sex, and by age group, addition of climatic variables, and in supplementary case-control analyses using injury deaths as controls.DiscussionDirect epidemiological measurements, despite inherent limitations, yielded associations between mortality and long-term PM2.5 inconsistent with those reported in earlier models used by the WHO to derive estimates of PM2.5 mortality in India. The modest RRs in our study are consistent with near or null mortality effects. They suggest suitable caution in estimating deaths from PM2.5 exposure based on MDS results and even more caution in extrapolating model-based associations of risk derived mostly from high-income countries to India. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9538.
| S-EPMC9472672 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization have designated airborne particulates, including particulates of median aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), as Group 1 carcinogens. It has not been determined, however, whether exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with an increase in respiratory related diseases. This meta-analysis assessed the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the risk of respiratory tract diseases, using relevant articles extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. In results, of the 1,126 articles originally identified, 35 (3.1%) were included in this meta-analysis. PM2.5 was found to be associated with respiratory tract diseases. After subdivision by age group, respiratory tract disease, and continent, PM2.5 was strongly associated with respiratory tract diseases in children, in persons with cough, lower respiratory illness, and wheezing, and in individuals from North America, Europe, and Asia. The risk of respiratory tract diseases was greater for exposure to traffic-related than non-traffic-related air pollution. In children, the pooled relative risk (RR) represented significant increases in wheezing (8.2%), cough (7.5%), and lower respiratory illness (15.3%). The pooled RRs in children were 1.091 (95%CI: 1.049, 1.135) for exposure to <25 μg/m3 PM2.5, and 1.126 (95%CI: 1.067, 1.190) for exposure to ≥ 25 μg/m3 PM2.5. In conclusion, exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly associated with the development of respiratory tract diseases, especially in children exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5.
| S-EPMC5445216 | biostudies-other
Project description:Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked to lung cancer incidence and mortality. However, the impact of PM2.5 exposure on lung cancer patients after lobectomy, which remains the primary treatment for early-stage lung cancer, is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between PM2.5 exposure and the survival of lung cancer patients after lobectomy. This study included 3,327 patients with lung cancer who underwent lobectomy procedures. We converted residential addresses into coordinates and estimated individual patients' daily PM2.5 and O3 exposure levels. A Cox multivariate regression model was used to analyze the specific monthly association between PM2.5 exposure and lung cancer survival. Every 10 μg/m3 increase in monthly PM2.5 concentration in the first and second months after lobectomy increased the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.043, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.019-1.067 and HR: 1.036, 95% CI: 1.013-1.060, respectively). Non-smokers, younger patients, and patients with longer hospitalization durations had worse survival rates when exposed to greater concentrations of PM2.5. High postoperative PM2.5 exposure immediately after lobectomy reduced the survival of patients with lung cancer. Patients living in areas with high PM2.5 should be offered the opportunity to transfer to areas with better air quality after undergoing lobectomies, to prolong their survival times.
| S-EPMC9990243 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Premature mortality from current ambient fine particulate (PM2.5) exposure in India is large, but the trend under climate change is unclear. Here we estimate ambient PM2.5 exposure up to 2100 by applying the relative changes in PM2.5 from baseline period (2001-2005) derived from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5) models to the satellite-derived baseline PM2.5. We then project the mortality burden using socioeconomic and demographic projections in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios. Ambient PM2.5 exposure is expected to peak in 2030 under the RCP4.5 and in 2040 under the RCP8.5 scenario. Premature mortality burden is expected to be 2.4-4 and 28.5-38.8% higher under RCP8.5 scenario relative to the RCP4.5 scenario in 2031-2040 and 2091-2100, respectively. Improved health conditions due to economic growth are expected to compensate for the impact of changes in population and age distribution, leading to a reduction in per capita health burden from PM2.5 for all scenarios except the combination of RCP8.5 exposure and SSP3.
| S-EPMC5778135 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe association between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5) and lung function in young people remains uncertain, particularly in Asia, where air pollution is generally a serious problem.ObjectivesThis study investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and lung function in Taiwanese children, adolescents, and young adults.MethodsThis study comprised 24,544 participants 6-24 years of age, with 33,506 medical observations made between 2000 and 2014. We used a spatiotemporal model to estimate PM2.5 concentrations at participants' addresses. Spirometry parameters, i.e., forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and maximum midexpiratory flow (MMEF), were determined. A generalized linear mixed model was used to examine the associations between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and lung function. The odds ratios (ORs) of poor lung function were also calculated after adjusting for a range of covariates.ResultsEvery 10-μg/m3 increase in the 2-y average PM2.5 concentration was associated with decreases of 2.22% [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.60, -1.85], 2.94 (95% CI: -3.36, -2.51), and 2.79% (95% CI: -3.15, -2.41) in the FVC, FEV1, and MMEF, respectively. Furthermore, it was associated with a 20% increase in the prevalence of poor lung function (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.29).ConclusionsTwo-year ambient PM2.5 concentrations were inversely associated with lung function and positively associated with the prevalence of poor lung function in children, adolescents, and young adults in Taiwan. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5220.
| S-EPMC6957275 | biostudies-literature