Enhanced Furfural Production in Deep Eutectic Solvents Comprising Alkali Metal Halides as Additives.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Morais ES
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8659074 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Lignocellulose is recognized as an ideal raw material for biorefinery as it may be converted into biofuels and value-added products through a series of chemical routes. Furfural, a bio-based platform chemical generated from lignocellulosic biomass, has been identified as a very versatile alternative to fossil fuels. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are new "green" solvents, which have been employed as green and cheap alternatives to traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs), with the advantages of low cost, low toxicity, and biodegradability, and also have been proven to be effective media for the synthesis of biomass-derived chemicals. This review summarizes the recent advances in the conversion of carbohydrates to furfural in DES solvent systems, which mainly focus on the effect of adding different catalysts to the DES system, including metal halides, water, solid acid catalyst, and certain oxides, on the production of furfural. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of DES-assisted furfural synthesis in biorefinery systems are also discussed in this review.
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Project description:Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) potential for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds (PC) from mango by-products (peel and seed) was evaluated. Ultrasound (US) and agitation were applied to evaluate the effects of solvent and extraction methodology. The extracts were characterized with antioxidant capacity and HPLC-DAD profile. A theoretical study was performed using density functional theory and the QTAIM approach. β-alanine and choline chloride based DESs were effective to extract PC from peel and seed. Some DES increased PC extraction up to three times for peel (23.05 ± 1.22 mg/g DW) and up to five time for seeds (60.01 ± 1.40 mg/g DW). The PC profile varied with the solvent (DES vs EtOH/MeOH), procedure (US vs agitation) and material (peel or seed). Mangiferin extraction from peels was significantly increased with β-alanine based DES (676.08 ± 20.34 μg/gDW). The strength of H-bonds had a determining effect on the viscosity of DESs. The solute-solvent solvation energy was suitable to estimate the strength of H-bond interactions between DES and target compounds. This study demonstrates the remarkable capacity of DESs to extract PC from mango by-products and provides insights into the factors controlling extraction properties.
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Project description:Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are eutectic mixtures of salts and hydrogen bond donors with melting points low enough to be used as solvents. DESs have proved to be a good alternative to traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs) in many biocatalytic processes. Apart from the benign characteristics similar to those of ILs (e.g., low volatility, low inflammability and low melting point), DESs have their unique merits of easy preparation and low cost owing to their renewable and available raw materials. To better apply such solvents in green and sustainable chemistry, this review firstly describes some basic properties, mainly the toxicity and biodegradability of DESs. Secondly, it presents several valuable applications of DES as solvent/co-solvent in biocatalytic reactions, such as lipase-catalyzed transesterification and ester hydrolysis reactions. The roles, serving as extractive reagent for an enzymatic product and pretreatment solvent of enzymatic biomass hydrolysis, are also discussed. Further understanding how DESs affect biocatalytic reaction will facilitate the design of novel solvents and contribute to the discovery of new reactions in these solvents.
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Project description:Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of modern, often "green" solvents with unique properties. Recently, a deep eutectic system based on amphiphilic surfactant N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (C12 & C14 sulfobetaine) and (1S)-(+)-10-camphor-sulfonic acid in the molar ratio 1:1.5 has been reported. Nanostructuring can be expected in this DES due to the nature of the components. In this work, we have investigated the native nanostructure in the DES comprising C12-C18 alkyl chain sulfobetaines with camphor sulfonic acid and how it interacts with polar and nonpolar species, water and dodecane, respectively, using small angle neutron scattering. By using contrast variation to highlight the relative position of the solvent components and additives, we can resolve the structure of the solvent and how it changes upon interaction with water and dodecane. Scattering from the neat DES shows structures corresponding to the self-assembly of sulfobetaines; the size of the structure increases as the alkyl chain length of the sulfobetaines increases. Water and dodecane interact, respectively, with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in the DES structure, primarily the sulfobetaine, thereby swelling and solvating the entire structure. The extent of the shift of the peak position, and the swelling, depend on concentration of the additive. The solution phase organization and the interaction of polar and nonpolar species as observed here, have the potential to affect the ordering of inorganic or polymeric materials grown in such solvents, paving new avenues for templating applications.
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Project description:This study outlines the methodology to model hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) interactions to obtain computational results that accurately represent experimental results of furfural removal from water. Computational prediction with high accuracy of HDES behavior could elucidate hydrogen bond interaction in HDES. COSMOtherm modeling and experimental evaluation demonstrated that both decanoic and dodecanoic acid-based HDES can remove furfural from water even at very low concentrations of 0.1 mol %. The modeling methodology considered salts as independent cations, which were paired with the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) species. These resulted in computational predictions of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) between tetra n-alkyl ammonium bromide salt-based HDES with >95% accuracy of experimental results. The COSMOtherm modeling methodology strengthens the understanding of HDES by considering intermolecular forces that affect electron density (σ) of the HDES components to determine the LLE of the HDES-aqueous system. This results in a deep eutectic phase that has a positive sigma potential (potentials, μ(σ), up to 0.1 kcal/mol Å2) at charge densities associated with hydrogen bonding (±0.0084 e/Å2). Though n-alkyl ammonium salts ranging from tetramethyl- to tetraoctylammonium bromide were considered in the computational model, only pentyl- and longer alkyl chains displayed hydrophobic behavior with less than 1% salt loss to the aqueous phase. However, there was still significant water uptake in the eutectic phase (final phase composition containing greater than 60 mol and 12% by mass) for the hydrophobic DES.
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Project description:As functional liquid media, natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) species can dissolve natural or synthetic chemicals of low water solubility. Moreover, the special properties of NADES, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, suggest that they are alternative candidates for concepts and applications involving some organic solvents and ionic liquids. Owing to the growing comprehension of the eutectic mechanisms and the advancing interest in the natural eutectic phenomenon, many NADES applications have been developed in the past several years. However, unlike organic solvents, the basic structural unit of NADES media primarily depends on the intermolecular interactions among their components. This makes NADES matrices readily influenced by various factors, such as water content, temperature, and component ratio and, thus, extends the metabolomic challenge of natural products (NPs). To enhance the understanding of the importance of NADES in biological systems, this review focuses on NADES properties and applications in NP research. The present thorough chronological and statistical analysis of existing report adds to the recognition of the distinctiveness of (NA)DES, involves a discussion of NADES-related observations in NP research, and reportes applications of these eutectic mixtures. The work identifies potential areas for future studies of (NA)DES by evaluating relevant applications, including their use as extraction and chromatographic media as well as their biomedical relevance. The chemical diversity of natural metabolites that generate or participate in NADES formation highlights the growing insight that biosynthetically primordial metabolites (PRIMs) are as essential to the biological function and bioactivity of unrefined natural products as the biosynthetically more highly evolutionary metabolites (HEVOs) that can be isolated from crude mixtures.
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Project description:This article provides an overview of a deep eutectic mixture based on the application of lithium nitrate (V) and acetamide as an electrolyte in a carbon-based electrochemical capacitor. This type of electrolyte is intended to be applied in devices designed for operation under critical conditions (e. g., extreme temperatures). In contrast to water- and common organic-based formulations, the proposed electrolyte ensures good device performance at 100 °C. To describe the chemistry of the proposed mixture, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used. Electrochemical analysis includes the verification of system ageing, self-discharge monitoring, leakage current measuring, and fundamental testing related to determining the specific capacitance or maximum voltage. Additionally, comprehensive analysis of the lithium nitrate salt and organic solvent addition to the operating system was carried out, including the replacement of lithium ions with sodium or potassium.
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Project description:In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized using different ratios of choline chloride (CC) and dicarboxylic acids, and their eutectic temperatures were determined. The DES synthesized using CC and glutaric acid (GA), which showed a higher extraction efficiency than conventional solvents, was used for the extraction of flavonoid components from Pyrus ussuriensis leaves (PUL), and the extraction efficiency was evaluated using the response surface methodology. The flavonoid components rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin were identified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with a Waters 2996 PDA detector, and HPLC mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The optimum extraction was achieved at a temperature of 30 °C using DES in a concentration of 30.85 wt.% at a stirring speed of 1113 rpm and an extraction time of 1 h. The corresponding flavonoid content was 217.56 μg/mL. The results were verified by performing three reproducibility experiments, and a high significance, with a confidence range of 95%, was achieved. In addition, the PUL extracts exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity. The results showed that the extraction process using the DES based on CC and GA in a 1:1 molar ratio could effectively improve the yield of flavonoids from PUL.
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Project description:Glycolipids are considered an alternative to petrochemically based surfactants because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, and less harmful to the environment while having comparable surface-active properties. They can be produced chemically or enzymatically in organic solvents or in deep eutectic solvents (DES) from renewable resources. DES are non-flammable, non-volatile, biodegradable, and almost non-toxic. Unlike organic solvents, sugars are easily soluble in hydrophilic DES. However, DES are highly viscous systems and restricted mass transfer is likely to be a major limiting factor for their application. Limiting factors for glycolipid synthesis in DES are not generally well understood. Therefore, the influence of external mass transfer, fatty acid concentration, and distribution on initial reaction velocity in two hydrophilic DES (choline:urea and choline:glucose) was investigated. At agitation speeds of and higher than 60 rpm, the viscosity of both DES did not limit external mass transfer. Fatty acid concentration of 0.5 M resulted in highest initial reaction velocity while higher concentrations had negative effects. Fatty acid accessibility was identified as a limiting factor for glycolipid synthesis in hydrophilic DES. Mean droplet sizes of fatty acid-DES emulsions can be significantly decreased by ultrasonic pretreatment resulting in significantly increased initial reaction velocity and yield (from 0.15 ± 0.03 μmol glucose monodecanoate/g DES to 0.57 ± 0.03 μmol/g) in the choline: urea DES. The study clearly indicates that fatty acid accessibility is a limiting factor in enzymatic glycolipid synthesis in DES. Furthermore, it was shown that physical pretreatment of fatty acid-DES emulsions is mandatory to improve the availability of fatty acids.
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