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Study of Intra-Chamber Processes in Solid Rocket Motors by Fiber Optic Sensors.

ABSTRACT: In this study, an experimental study of the burning rate of solid fuel in a model solid propellant rocket motor (SRM) E-5-0 was conducted using a non-invasive control method with fiber-optic sensors (FOSs). Three sensors based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), fixed on the SRM E-5-0, recorded the vibration signal during the entire cycle of solid fuel burning. The results showed that, when using MZI sensors, the non-invasive control of solid fuel burnout is made possible both by recording the time of arrival of the combustion front to the sensor and by analyzing the peaks on the spectrogram of the recorded FOS signal. The main mode of acoustic vibrations of the chamber of the model SRM is longitudinal, and it changes with time, depending on the chamber length. Longitudinal modes of the combustion chamber were detected by MZI only after the combustion front passed its fixing point, and the microphone was unable to register them at all. The results showed that the combustion rate was practically constant after the first second, which was confirmed by the graph of the pressure versus time at the nozzle exit.

SUBMITTER: Zhirnov AA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8659785 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:ObjectivesAs described recently, intravenously injected gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) penetrates into the anterior eye chamber (AC) and is drained from the retina to the distal optic nerve (ON) along perivascular spaces, which serves retinal homeostasis and was termed the orbital glymphatic system (GS). Independently, AC enhancement predicted ON infiltration, a major risk factor for advanced retinoblastoma (RB), in a small RB patient cohort. We aimed to review the supposed imaging biomarker for ON infiltration in a large RB cohort and with respect to the recently described orbital GS.MethodsThis IRB-approved retrospective single-center study encompassed 539 orbital MRIs performed with an orbital coil and with the children under general anesthesia. Differences of signal intensity ratios (∆SIRs) of the AC to the lens were determined between non-contrast and GBCA-enhanced T1-weighted images and were correlated with histopathologic presence of ON infiltration.Results∆SIR of the RB eye was an independent, significant predictor for ON invasion in multivariate analysis with adjustment for tumor size (p < 0.05) and increased with infiltration level.ConclusionsGBCA enhancement of the AC predicts ON infiltration. This might be caused by impairment of the orbital glymphatic system, which is supposed to clear toxic metabolites from the retina to the postlaminar ON. In RB with ON infiltration, this efflux path is likely to be inhibited, which is supposed to result in disturbed retinal homeostasis, release of vascular endothelial growth factor, and iris neovascularization, which increases penetration of GBCA into the AC.Key points• Infiltration of the optic nerve can be predicted by anterior chamber enhancement after intravenous MRI contrast agent administration. • Increased anterior chamber enhancement in retinoblastoma with optic nerve infiltration might result from dysfunction of the orbital glymphatic system with disturbance of retinal homeostasis and consecutive iris neovascularization.

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Study of Intra-Chamber Processes in Solid Rocket Motors by Fiber Optic Sensors.

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