Reporting system of suspected adverse effects from electronic cigarettes and refill liquids in Europe.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Solimini R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8662365 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained their popularity as a substitute for cigarettes or cigars. Despite the widespread use of flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes, the health impacts of the flavoring compounds, in particular their effects on critical cellular function in the lung, remain largely unknown. The goal of this study was to identify transcriptomic changes and impacted biological pathways in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) exposed to flavoring chemicals (diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione) and to flavored e-cigarette smoke. An airway-liquid interface culturing method was used to differentiate primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) into mature epithelial cells, which were then treated with 25 ppm diacetyl, 100 ppm 2,3 pentanedione, or e-cigarette smoke solution containing 2 ppm diacetyl. Poly(A)-selected RNA-Seq libraries were prepared with the PrepX RNA-Seq for Illumina Library kit. An Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument was used to generate 50 base pair single-end reads. STAR was used to align sequencing reads to the hg38 reference genome, and HTSeq was used to quantify transcript levels. DESeq2 was used to perform differential expression analysis.
2019-08-21 | GSE118431 | GEO
Project description:Electronic cigarette refill liquids are commercially provided with a wide variety of flavoring agents. A recent study suggested that several common flavors may scavenge nitric oxide (NO) and cause endothelial dysfunction. It was the aim of the present study to investigate the effects of these flavors on NO/cyclic GMP-mediated signaling and vascular relaxation. We tested the flavoring agents for effects on Ca2+-induced cGMP accumulation and NO synthase activation in cultured endothelial cells. NO scavenging was studied with NO-activated soluble guanylate cyclase and as NO release from a NO donor, measured with a NO electrode. Blood vessel function was studied with precontracted rat aortic rings in the absence and presence of acetylcholine or a NO donor. Cinnamaldehyde inhibited Ca2+-stimulated endothelial cGMP accumulation and NO synthase activation at ≥0.3 mM. Cinnamaldehyde and diacetyl inhibited NO-activated soluble guanylate cyclase with IC50 values of 0.56 (0.54-0.58) and 0.29 (0.24-0.36) mM, respectively, and caused moderate NO scavenging at 1 mM that was not mediated by superoxide anions. The other compounds did not scavenge NO at 1 mM. None of the flavorings interfered with acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation, but they caused relaxation of pre-contracted aortas. The most potent compounds were eugenol and cinnamaldehyde with EC50 values of ~0.5 mM. Since the flavors did not affect endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation, NO scavenging by cinnamaldehyde and diacetyl does not result in impaired blood vessel function. Although not studied in vivo, the low potency of the compounds renders it unlikely that the observed effects are relevant to humans inhaling flavored vapor from electronic cigarettes.
| S-EPMC6733504 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Six percent of Americans, including 3 million high schoolers, use e-cigarettes, which contain potentially toxic substances, volatile organic compounds, and metals. We present the first human study on the effects of e-cigarette exposure in the oral cavity. By interrogating both immunoinflammatory responses and microbial functional dynamics, we discovered pathogen overrepresentation, higher virulence signatures, and a brisk proinflammatory signal in clinically healthy e-cigarette users, equivalent to patients with severe periodontitis. Using RNA sequencing and confocal and electron microscopy to validate these findings, we demonstrate that the carbon-rich glycol/glycerol vehicle is an important catalyst in transforming biofilm architecture within 24 hours of exposure. Last, a machine-learning classifier trained on the metagenomic signatures of e-cigarettes identified as e-cigarette users both those individuals who used e-cigarettes to quit smoking, and those who use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes. The present study questions the safety of e-cigarettes and the harm reduction narrative promoted by advertising campaigns.
| S-EPMC7253170 | biostudies-literature
Project description:UnlabelledTo determine the accuracy of the labeled quantity of the nicotine content of the e-liquids sold in unlicensed vape stores, whether the packaging of e-liquids sold within the vape stores was child-resistant, whether minors were present within vape stores, and whether sales to minors occurred. This study was conducted across North Dakota prior to implementation of a new e-cigarette state law and provided a baseline assessment before enactment of the new legal requirements.Design and methodsWe tested samples of e-liquids and performed observations in 16 stores that were selling e-cigarettes but were not legally required to be licensed for tobacco retail. The e-liquids were analyzed for nicotine content using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method for nicotine analysis.ResultsOf the 70 collected e-liquid samples that claimed to contain nicotine, 17% contained more than the labeled quantity and 34% contained less than the labeled quantity by 10% or more, with one sample containing 172% more than the labeled quantity. Of the 94 e-liquid containers sampled, only 35% were determined to be child-resistant. Minors were present in stores, although no sales to minors occurred.ConclusionsMislabeling of nicotine in e-liquids is common and exposes the user to the harmful effects of nicotine. The lack of child-resistant packaging for this potentially toxic substance is a serious public health problem. E-cigarettes should be included in the legal definition of tobacco products, child-resistant packaging and nicotine labeling laws should be enacted and strictly enforced, and vape stores should be licensed by states.
| S-EPMC4914438 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The size and chemical content of particles in electronic cigarette vapors (e-vapors) dictate their fate in the human body. Understanding how particles in e-vapors are formed and their size is critical to identifying and mitigating the adverse consequences of vaping. Thermal decomposition and reactions of the refill liquid (e-liquid) components play a key role in new particles formation. Here we report the evolution of particle number concentration in e-vapors over time for variable mixtures of refill e-liquids and operating conditions. Particle with aerodynamic diameter < 300 nm accounted for up to 17% (or 780 μg/m3) of e-vapors particles. Two events of increasing particle number concentration were observed, 2-3 s after puff completion and a second 4-5 s later. The intensity of each event varied by the abundance of propylene glycol, glycerol, and flavorings in e-liquids. Propylene glycol and glycerol were associated with the first event. Flavorings containing aromatic and aliphatic unsaturated functional groups were strongly associated with the second event and to a lesser extent with the first one. The results indicate that particles in e-vapors may be formed through the heteromolecular condensation of propylene glycol, glycerol, and flavorings, including both parent chemicals and/or their thermal decomposition products.
| S-EPMC9633786 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Spontaneous reporting systems may generate a large volume of information in real world conditions with a relatively low cost. Disproportionality measures are useful to indicate and quantify unexpected safety issues associated with a given drug-event pair (signals of disproportionality), based upon differences compared to the background reporting frequency. This cross-sectional study (2008 to 2013) aimed to analyse the feasibility of detecting such signals in the Brazilian Pharmacovigilance Database comprising suspected adverse drug reactions related to the use of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, carboplatin, trastuzumab, docetaxel, and paclitaxel for breast cancer chemotherapy. We first accessed overall database features (patient information and suspected adverse drug reactions) and further conducted a disproportionality analysis based on Reporting Odds Ratios with a confidence interval of 95% in order to identify possible signals of disproportionate reporting, only among serious suspected adverse drug reactions. Of all data reports of adverse reactions (n = 2603), 83% were classified as serious, with the highest prevalence with docetaxel (78.1%). The final analysis was performed using 1,309 reports with 3,139 drug-reaction pairs. The following signals of disproportionate reporting, some rare or not mentioned on labels, were observed: tachypnea with docetaxel; bronchospasm, syncope, cyanosis, and anaphylactic reaction with paclitaxel; and anaphylactic shock with trastuzumab. Structured management of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting is essential for monitoring the safe use of drugs and detecting early safety signals. Disproportionality signal analysis represents a viable and applicable strategy for oncology signal screening in the Brazilian Pharmacovigilance Database.
| S-EPMC6519311 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:E-cigarette (EC) use is increasing exponentially worldwide. The early cardiovascular effects of switching from tobacco cigarettes (TC) to EC in chronic smokers is unknown. Meta-analysis of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) studies indicate 13% lower pooled, adjusted relative risks of cardiovascular events with every 1% improvement in FMD. OBJECTIVES:This study sought to determine the early vascular impact of switching from TC to EC in chronic smokers. METHODS:The authors conducted a prospective, randomized control trial with a parallel nonrandomized preference cohort and blinded endpoint of smokers ?18 years of age who had smoked ?15 cigarettes/day for ?2 years and were free from established cardiovascular disease. Participants were randomized to EC with nicotine or EC without nicotine for 1 month. Those unwilling to quit continued with TC in a parallel preference arm. A propensity score analysis was done to adjust for differences between the randomized and preference arms. Vascular function was assessed by FMD and pulse wave velocity. Compliance with EC was measured by carbon monoxide levels. RESULTS:Within 1 month of switching from TC to EC, there was a significant improvement in endothelial function (linear trend ? = 0.73%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41 to 1.05; p < 0.0001; TC vs. EC combined: 1.49%; 95% CI: 0.93 to 2.04; p < 0.0001) and vascular stiffness (-0.529 m/s; 95% CI: -0.946 to -0.112; p = 0.014). Females benefited from switching more than males did in every between-group comparison. Those who complied best with EC switch demonstrated the largest improvement. There was no difference in vascular effects between EC with and without nicotine within the study timeframe. CONCLUSIONS:TC smokers, particularly females, demonstrate significant improvement in vascular health within 1 month of switching from TC to EC. Switching from TC to EC may be considered a harms reduction measure. (Vascular Effects of Regular Cigarettes Versus Electronic Cigarette Use [VESUVIUS]; NCT02878421; ISRCTN59133298).
| S-EPMC6928567 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Electronic cigarette has the potential to serve as a tobacco cessation aid if the prerequisites which are safety and efficacy in term of nicotine delivery are achieved. The nicotine-based liquids are mainly composed by propylene glycol and glycerol playing the important role of airborne carriers. 1,3 propanediol is proposed as a propylene glycol substitute to potentially improve the thermal stability, nicotine delivery and to decrease inhaled flavors concentrations. We have implemented various thermal, physicochemical and computational methods to evaluate the use of 1,3 propanediol as a substitute (or additional ingredient) to propylene glycol in e-liquids compositions. Our results indicate that 1,3 propanediol is stable upon heating when electronic cigarette are used in recommended conditions. We demonstrate that 1,3 propanediol gave better thermic profile compared to propylene glycol and glycerol, showing less thermal decomposition by-products. In addition, 1,3 propanediol gives to nicotine a more basic environment ensuring a high level of free base nicotine form. We have also established a quantum mechanical based computational method to validate e-liquids as flavor enhancer. Our findings showed that globally 1,3 propanediol seems to have better flavoring properties than glycerol and propylene glycol. Finally, 1,3 propanediol seems to induce quite similar aerodynamic properties compared to propylene glycol and glycerol.
| S-EPMC6048019 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The use of e-cigarettes (ECs) has become increasingly popular worldwide, even though scientific results have not established their safety. Diacetyl (DA) and acetylpropionyl (AP), which can be present in ECs, are linked with lung diseases. Ethyl maltol (EM)-the most commonly used flavoring agent-can be present in toxic concentrations. Until now, there is no methodology for the determination of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), EM, DA, and acetylpropionyl in e-liquids that can be used as a quality control procedure. Herein, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for the development of analytical methodologies for these substances. Two GC-MS methodologies were developed and fully validated, fulfilling the standards for the integration in a routine quality control procedure by manufacturers. As proof of applicability, the methodology was applied for the analysis of several e-liquids. Differences were observed between the labeled and the experimental levels of PG, VG, and nicotine. Three samples contained EM at higher concentrations compared to the other samples, while only one contained DA. These validated methodologies can be used for the quality control analysis of EC liquid samples regarding nicotine, PG, and VG amounts, as well as for the measurement of the EM.
| S-EPMC9961753 | biostudies-literature