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Roles of two distinct alphasatellites modulating geminivirus pathogenesis.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Alphasatellites are small coding DNA satellites frequently associated with a begomovirus/betasatellite complex, where they are known to modulate virulence and symptom development. Two distinct alphasatellites, namely, Cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite (CLCuMuA), and Gossypium darwinii symptomless alphasatellite (GDarSLA) associated with Cotton leaf curl Multan virus-India (CLCuMuV-IN) and Ludwigia leaf distortion betasatellite (LuLDB) were found to be associated with yellow mosaic disease of hollyhock (Alcea rosea) plants. In this study, we show that alphasatellites CLCuMuA and GDarSLA attenuate and delay symptom development in Nicotiana benthamiana. The presence of either alphasatellites reduce the accumulation of the helper virus CLCuMuV-IN. However, the levels of the associated betasatellite, LuLDB, remains unchanged. These results suggest that the alphasatellites could contribute to the host defence and understanding their role in disease development is important for developing resistance strategies. METHODS:Tandem repeat constructs of two distinct alphasatellites, namely, CLCuMuA and GDarSLA associated with CLCuMuV-IN and LuLDB were generated. N. benthamiana plants were co-agroinoculated with CLCuMuV and its associated alphasatellites and betasatellite molecules and samples were collected at 7, 14 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi). The viral DNA molecules were quantified in N. benthamiana plants by qPCR. The sequences were analysed using the MEGA-X tool, and a phylogenetic tree was generated. Genetic diversity among the CLCuMuA and GDarSLA was analysed using the DnaSP tool. RESULTS:We observed a reduction in symptom severity and accumulation of helper virus in the presence of two alphasatellites isolated from naturally infected hollyhock plants. However, no reduction in the accumulation of betasatellite was observed. The phylogenetic and genetic variability study revealed the evolutionary dynamics of these distinct alphasatellites , which could explain the role of hollyhock-associated alphasatellites in plants. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides evidence that alphasatellites have a role in symptom modulation and suppress helper virus replication without any discernible effect on the replication of the associated betasatellite.

SUBMITTER: Kumar M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8670188 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The soil-dwelling bacterium Listeria monocytogenes survives a multitude of conditions when residing in the outside environment and as a pathogen within host cells. Key to survival within the infected mammalian host is the expression of bacterial gene products necessary for nutrient acquisition. Similar to many bacteria, L. monocytogenes uses peptide import to acquire amino acids. Peptide transport systems play an important role in nutrient uptake as well as in additional functions that include bacterial quorum sensing and signal transduction, recycling of peptidoglycan fragments, adherence to eukaryotic cells, and alterations in antibiotic susceptibility. It has been previously described that CtaP, encoded by lmo0135, is a multifunctional protein associated with activities that include cysteine transport, resistance to acid, membrane integrity, and bacterial adherence to host cells. ctaP is located next to two genes predicted to encode membrane-bound permeases lmo0136 and lmo0137, termed CtpP1 and CtpP2, respectively. Here, we show that CtpP1 and CtpP2 are required for bacterial growth in the presence of low concentrations of cysteine and for virulence in mouse infection models. Taken together, the data identify distinct nonoverlapping roles for two related permeases that are important for the growth and survival of L. monocytogenes within host cells. IMPORTANCE Bacterial peptide transport systems are important for nutrient uptake and may additionally function in a variety of other roles, including bacterial communication, signal transduction, and bacterial adherence to eukaryotic cells. Peptide transport systems often consist of a substrate-binding protein associated with a membrane-spanning permease. The environmental bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes uses the substrate-binding protein CtaP not only for cysteine transport but also for resistance to acid, maintenance of membrane integrity, and bacterial adherence to host cells. In this study, we demonstrate complementary yet distinct functional roles for two membrane permeases, CtpP1 and CtpP2, that are encoded by genes linked to ctaP and that contribute to bacterial growth, invasion, and pathogenicity.

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Roles of two distinct alphasatellites modulating geminivirus pathogenesis.

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